Catalysts for Nitrogen Fixation: Nitrogenases, Relevant Chemical Models and Commercial Processes (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)

Book Description

Biological nitrogen fixation provides more than 50% of the total annual input of the essential element nitrogen to world agriculture. Thus, it is of immense agronomic importance and critical to food supplies, particularly in developing countries.

This book, with chapters authored by internationally renowned experts, provides a comprehensive and detailed account of the fascinating history of the process - including the surprising discoveries of molybdenum-independent nitrogenases and superoxide-dependent nitrogenase; a review of Man's attempts to emulate the biological process - most successfully with the commercially dominant Haber-Bosch process; and the current state of the understanding art with respect to the enzymes - called nitrogenases - responsible for biological nitrogen fixation.

The initial chapters use a historical approach to the biological and industrial processes, followed by an overview of assay methodologies. The next set of chapters focuses on the classical enzyme, the molybdenum nitrogenase, and details its biosynthesis, structure, composition, and mechanism of action as well as detailing both how variants of its two component proteins are constructed by recombinant DNA technology and how computational techniques are being applied. The sophisticated chemical modelling of the metal-containing clusters in the enzyme is reviewed next, followed by a description of the two molybdenum-independent nitrogenases - first, the vanadium-containing enzyme and then the iron-only nitrogenase - together with some thoughts as to why they exist! Then follows an up-to-date treatment of the clearly "non-classical" properties of the superoxide-dependent nitrogenase, which more closely resembles molybdenum-containing hydroxylases and related enzymes, like nitrate reductase, that it does the other nitrogenases. Each chapter contains an extensive list of references.

This book is the self-contained first volume of a comprehensive seven-volume series. No other available work provides the up-to-date and in-depth coverage of this series and this volume. This book is intended to serve as an indispensable reference work for all scientists working in this area, including agriculture and the closely related metals-in-biology area; to assist students to enter this challenging area of research; and to provide science administrators easy access to vital relevant information.

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Nitrogen Fixation at the Millennium

Manufacturer: Elsevier Science
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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Book Description

The turn of the millennium from the twentieth to the twenty-first century provides an occasion to review our understanding of a biological process, biological nitrogen fixation, that is of prime importance for the continued survival of mankind. This process has provided a basis for maintaining soil fertility since the beginning of organised agriculture, yet its very existence was confirmed only just over a century ago. In the intervening years, an enormous intellectual effort has dispersed much of the mystery surrounding biological nitrogen fixation. Biological fixation is widely exploited in agriculture, as are nitrogen fertilisers prepared for the last hundred years under extreme conditions of temperature and pressure. However, despite all our efforts, the fundamental nature of the reactions involved at the heart of the biological process remain unknown.

This book aims to describe what we have learned in the last one hundred years or so about biological nitrogen fixation, about what its chemistry appears to be, and how it is applied in agriculture. This ambitious objective has not been attempted recently. It is aimed at students and those who wish to enter these very challenging areas of research, and who need to learn the state of the art at the turn of the millennium.

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Book Description

Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) - the conversion of molecular nitrogen into ammonia - is one of the most important reactions in ecology and agriculture. It is performed exclusively by microbes (prokaryotes) that live in symbiosis with plants. This book summarizes the latest research on this reaction, the participating microbes and the genetics of how their relevant genes could be transferred into the plants. In the light of a more sustainable and less ecologically damaging agriculture, this is becoming an increasingly pressing issue.

Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Sustainable Agriculture and the Enviroment: Proceedings of the 14th International Nitrogen Fixation Congress (CURRENT PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE)

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Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Sustainable Agriculture and the Enviroment: Proceedings of the 14th International Nitrogen Fixation Congress (CURRENT PLANT SCIENCE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE)
Wang Y.
Manufacturer: Springer
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 1402035691

Book Description

This volume covers all aspects of fundamental and applied nitrogen-fixation research, extending from biochemistry and chemistry through genetics, regulation and physiology to agricultural practice and environmental impact. It describes recent progress on studies of potential catalysts for nitrogen fixation; how the N ₂-fixing process is regulated in living cells; the use and impact of genetics and genomics on our understanding of the biological process; the wide variety of associations of nitrogen-fixing microbes with plants, including the formalized Rhizobium-legume and actinorrhizal associations as well as the less formalized associative and endophytic interactions; and the impact of nitrogen fixation in agriculture and forestry, including its effect on the environment. This volume provides an up-to-date referenced source, which can be readily accessed by all practicing and otherwise interested proponents of nitrogen fixation research, including those with related interests in the areas of plant and microbial science, genomics, plant-microbe interactions, genetics and regulation, plant growth and biocontrol, agriculture, forestry, ecology, taxonomy and evolution.

Biology and Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation (Studies in Plant Science)

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Biology and Biochemistry of Nitrogen Fixation (Studies in Plant Science)
Michael J. Dilworth
Manufacturer: Elsevier Publishing Company
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 0444889604

Book Description

This volume is a wide-ranging critical evaluation by international experts of the state of knowledge in the whole field of biological nitrogen fixation. It includes coverage of the chemistry of N2 reduction, the biochemistry and molecular biology of the molybdenum and vanadium nitrogenases. There is review of the whole range of organisms fixing N2, including the free-living and symbiotic organisms (bacteria, cyanobacteria, actinomycetes). Detailed consideration is given to the ecology and agricultural use of the root nodule bacteria, the molecular biology and biochemistry of nodule formation and fuction. The practicability of extending symbiotic N2-fixation to other systems or to greater efficiency is examined.

Fundamentals of Nitrogen Fixation (New Studies in Biology)

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nitrogen fixation

Fundamentals of Nitrogen Fixation (New Studies in Biology)
J. R. Postgate
Manufacturer: Edward Arnold
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0713129468

Book Description

The fixation of nitrogen â€“ the conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to a form which plants can use â€“ is fundamental to the productivity of the biosphere and therefore to the ability of the expanding human population to feed itself. Although the existence and importance of the process of biological nitrogen fixation has been recognised for more than a century, scientific advances over the last few decades have altered radically our understanding of its nature and mechanisms. This book provides an introductory-level survey of biological nitrogen fixation, covering the role of the process in the global nitrogen cycle as well as its biochemistry, physiology, genetics, ecology, general biology and prospects for its future exploitation. This new edition has been fully updated to include the most recent developments in the field, so providing an up-to-date and accessible account of this key biological process.

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perspective role of nitrogen fixation in tropicaal and sub-tropical region

Genetics and Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation in Free-Living Bacteria (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)

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Genetics and Regulation of Nitrogen Fixation in Free-Living Bacteria (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)
Werner, Ed. Klipp
Manufacturer: Kluwer Academic Publishers
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 140202178X

Book Description

This book provides a comprehensive and detailed source of information on the genetic and regulatory aspects of biological nitrogen fixation in free-living (non-symbiotic) prokaryotes. Biological nitrogen fixation is represented in a diverse range of microorganisms, among which Klebsiella pneumoniae serves as a paradigm for the genetic analysis of diazotrophy, which is the ability to grow with N ₂ as sole nitrogen source. The volume uses two major complementary approaches to the subject matter. The initial chapters use an organismic-based approach by concentrating on the well-characterized diazotrophic proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, Gram-positive clostridia, and Archea. The later chapters use a comparative process-based approach and serve as overviews dealing with different regulatory aspects, electron transport to nitrogenase, and molybdenum metabolism, across the range of organisms. Whenever appropriate, historical aspects and agricultural and ecological impacts have been taken into consideration. Each chapter contains an extensive list of references. This book is the self-contained second volume of a comprehensive seven-volume series. No other available work provides the up-to-date and in-depth coverage of this series and this volume. This book is intended to serve as an indispensable reference work for all scientists working in this and closely related fields, to assist students to enter this challenging area of research, and to provide science administrators easy access to vital relevant information.

Genomes and Genomics of Nitrogen-fixing Organisms (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)

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Genomes and Genomics of Nitrogen-fixing Organisms (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)
Rafael, Ed. Palacios
Manufacturer: Springer
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 1402030533

Book Description

This book is the self-contained third volume of a comprehensive series on nitrogen fixation. It presents the state-of-the-art in regards to genomic sciences applied to nitrogen-fixation research. The advent of genomic sciences represents a new era for biology. The classic paradigm based on the gene has now changed to a paradigm that is based on the genome. The knowledge of the complete nucleotide sequence of a genome and its consequences with regard to both transcription and translation lead to an integral and comprehensive view of the biochemistry and physiology of an organism. Moreover, comparative genomic studies provide new insights for a better understanding of the evolutionary process. Nitrogen-fixation research has fully entered the genomics era since the first complete nucleotide sequences of a rhizobial symbiotic plasmid and a methanogenic archaeon were first reported in 1997. Now, the complete nucleotide sequences of many genomes of nitrogen-fixing organism from different taxonomic groups are available. This volume includes chapters devoted to the genomes of specific organisms as well as chapters that cross organismal lines and analyse general aspects centred on functional genomics, genome dynamics, taxonomy, and evolution. No other available work provides the up-to-date and in-depth coverage of this volume, which is intended to serve as an indispensable reference work for academic, governmental, and industrial scientists working in the areas of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, including those studying evolution and taxonomy; to assist students to enter this challenging area of research; and to provide science administrators with ready access to vital relevant information.

Highlights of Nitrogen Fixation Research

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Highlights of Nitrogen Fixation Research

Manufacturer: Springer
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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Book Description

This volume will cover recent advances in nitrogen fixation research, including genetic engineering to modify nitrogen fixation, modulation of key symbiotic metabolic pathways, cloning and developmental expression, drought stress effects on nitrogen fixation, differential expression of symbiosis-related genes, use of T-DNA tagging to identify plant genes used in symbiotic nitrogen fixation, functional genomics, and cloning in defined and mobilizable regions. The topics covered extend from basic aspects to agricultural applications, ranging from bacterial genetics and metabolism to plant genetics and physiology. Nitrogen fixation, a process which supports life on this planet, has attracted the interest of researchers for the past century. Nitrogen fixation is responsible for the conversion of `inert' dinitrogen (N ₂) gas from the atmosphere into usable ammonia, replacing the fixed nitrogen constantly being lost to the atmosphere by the denitrification process. Worldwide agricultural productivity is determined by the availability of fixed nitrogen in all its forms, and upon it a continually increasing human population depends for survival.

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