Catalysts for Nitrogen Fixation: Nitrogenases, Relevant Chemical Models and Commercial Processes (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)

Book Description

Biological nitrogen fixation provides more than 50% of the total annual input of the essential element nitrogen to world agriculture. Thus, it is of immense agronomic importance and critical to food supplies, particularly in developing countries.

This book, with chapters authored by internationally renowned experts, provides a comprehensive and detailed account of the fascinating history of the process - including the surprising discoveries of molybdenum-independent nitrogenases and superoxide-dependent nitrogenase; a review of Man's attempts to emulate the biological process - most successfully with the commercially dominant Haber-Bosch process; and the current state of the understanding art with respect to the enzymes - called nitrogenases - responsible for biological nitrogen fixation.

The initial chapters use a historical approach to the biological and industrial processes, followed by an overview of assay methodologies. The next set of chapters focuses on the classical enzyme, the molybdenum nitrogenase, and details its biosynthesis, structure, composition, and mechanism of action as well as detailing both how variants of its two component proteins are constructed by recombinant DNA technology and how computational techniques are being applied. The sophisticated chemical modelling of the metal-containing clusters in the enzyme is reviewed next, followed by a description of the two molybdenum-independent nitrogenases - first, the vanadium-containing enzyme and then the iron-only nitrogenase - together with some thoughts as to why they exist! Then follows an up-to-date treatment of the clearly "non-classical" properties of the superoxide-dependent nitrogenase, which more closely resembles molybdenum-containing hydroxylases and related enzymes, like nitrate reductase, that it does the other nitrogenases. Each chapter contains an extensive list of references.

This book is the self-contained first volume of a comprehensive seven-volume series. No other available work provides the up-to-date and in-depth coverage of this series and this volume. This book is intended to serve as an indispensable reference work for all scientists working in this area, including agriculture and the closely related metals-in-biology area; to assist students to enter this challenging area of research; and to provide science administrators easy access to vital relevant information.

Associative and Endophytic Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)

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Associative and Endophytic Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria and Cyanobacterial Associations (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)
Claudine, Ed. Elmerich
Manufacturer: Springer
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Binding: Hardcover

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Product Description

Book Description

This book provides a comprehensive and detailed source of information on the genetic and regulatory aspects of biological nitrogen fixation in free-living (non-symbiotic) prokaryotes. Biological nitrogen fixation is represented in a diverse range of microorganisms, among which Klebsiella pneumoniae serves as a paradigm for the genetic analysis of diazotrophy, which is the ability to grow with N ₂ as sole nitrogen source. The volume uses two major complementary approaches to the subject matter. The initial chapters use an organismic-based approach by concentrating on the well-characterized diazotrophic proteobacteria, cyanobacteria, Gram-positive clostridia, and Archea. The later chapters use a comparative process-based approach and serve as overviews dealing with different regulatory aspects, electron transport to nitrogenase, and molybdenum metabolism, across the range of organisms. Whenever appropriate, historical aspects and agricultural and ecological impacts have been taken into consideration. Each chapter contains an extensive list of references. This book is the self-contained second volume of a comprehensive seven-volume series. No other available work provides the up-to-date and in-depth coverage of this series and this volume. This book is intended to serve as an indispensable reference work for all scientists working in this and closely related fields, to assist students to enter this challenging area of research, and to provide science administrators easy access to vital relevant information.

Genomes and Genomics of Nitrogen-fixing Organisms (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)

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Genomes and Genomics of Nitrogen-fixing Organisms (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)
Rafael, Ed. Palacios
Manufacturer: Springer
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 1402030533

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This book is the self-contained third volume of a comprehensive series on nitrogen fixation. It presents the state-of-the-art in regards to genomic sciences applied to nitrogen-fixation research. The advent of genomic sciences represents a new era for biology. The classic paradigm based on the gene has now changed to a paradigm that is based on the genome. The knowledge of the complete nucleotide sequence of a genome and its consequences with regard to both transcription and translation lead to an integral and comprehensive view of the biochemistry and physiology of an organism. Moreover, comparative genomic studies provide new insights for a better understanding of the evolutionary process. Nitrogen-fixation research has fully entered the genomics era since the first complete nucleotide sequences of a rhizobial symbiotic plasmid and a methanogenic archaeon were first reported in 1997. Now, the complete nucleotide sequences of many genomes of nitrogen-fixing organism from different taxonomic groups are available. This volume includes chapters devoted to the genomes of specific organisms as well as chapters that cross organismal lines and analyse general aspects centred on functional genomics, genome dynamics, taxonomy, and evolution. No other available work provides the up-to-date and in-depth coverage of this volume, which is intended to serve as an indispensable reference work for academic, governmental, and industrial scientists working in the areas of genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, including those studying evolution and taxonomy; to assist students to enter this challenging area of research; and to provide science administrators with ready access to vital relevant information.

Nitrogen Fixation in Agriculture, Forestry, Ecology, and the Environment (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)

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Nitrogen Fixation in Agriculture, Forestry, Ecology, and the Environment (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)
Dietrich Ed. Werner
Manufacturer: Springer
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

Soil Science | Agricultural Sciences | Science | Subjects | Books

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ASIN: 140203542X

Book Description

This book is the self-contained fourth volume of a seven-volume comprehensive series on nitrogen fixation. The outstanding aspect of this book is the integration of basic and applied work on biological nitrogen fixation in the fields of agriculture, forestry, and ecology in general. Nowadays, the concept of sustainability, which originated in agriculture and land use, is reaching many other areas of society and industry. Sustainability has a major part to play in the global challenge of continued development of regions, countries, and continents all around the World and biological nitrogen fixation has a key role in this process. This volume begins with chapters specifically addressing crops of major global importance, such as soybeans, rice, and sugar cane. It continues with a second important focus, agroforestry, and describes the use and promise of both legume trees with their rhizobial symbionts and other nitrogen-fixing trees with their actinorhizal colonization. An over-arching theme of all chapters is the interaction of the plants and trees with microbes and this theme allows other aspects of soil microbiology, such as interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and the impact of soil-stress factors on biological nitrogen fixation, to be addressed. Furthermore, a link to basic science occurs through the inclusion of chapters describing the biogeochemically important nitrogen cycle and its key relationships among nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification. The volume then provides an up-to-date view of the production of microbial inocula, especially those for legume crops. No other available work provides the up-to-date and in-depth coverage of this volume, which is intended to serve as an indispensable reference work for academic, government, and industrial scientists working in the applied areas of agronomy, plant breeding, plant nutrition, ecology, and forestry as well as those in the basic science areas of plant physiology, soil microbiology, and related environmental disciplines. This volume will be an invaluable tool for students entering this challenging area of research and will provide science administrators with ready access to vital relevant information.

Nitrogen Fixation Research Progress (Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture)

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Nitrogen Fixation Research Progress (Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture)

Manufacturer: Springer
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Binding: Hardcover

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Nitrogen-fixing Actinorhizal Symbioses (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)

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Nitrogen-fixing Actinorhizal Symbioses (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)

Manufacturer: Springer
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Binding: Hardcover

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This book is the self-contained sixth volume of a comprehensive series on nitrogen fixation. It presents the state-of-the-art in regards to actinorhizal symbioses. Like legumes, actinorhizal plants form root nodules that host nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria. However, because the macrosymbionts are, with one exception, woody plants rather than crop plants, actinorhizal symbioses are less well-known than legume symbioses to which they are phylogenetically related. Actinorhizal plants come from eight different families. They can grow on marginal soils by virtue of these symbioses and are used extensively in reforestation, soil reclamation, and desert agroforestry. The diversity of the involved host plants poses a variety of challenges to the actinorhizal symbiosis and results in interesting strategies, for example, to cope with the O ₂ dilemma or nutrient exchange between plant and bacterium. The actinorhizal micro-symbionts are Gram-positive actinomycetes of the genus Frankia. The inability to culture several actinorhizal microsymbionts has led to the development of diverse molecular strategies for strain identification. This volume includes chapters that deal with all these aspects of the symbiosis and both symbionts plus their ecological role and use. Other chapters tackle the global distribution of different actinorhizal plants and their microsymbionts and how this impacts the question of co-evolution of the micro- and macrosymbionts as well as comparing the actinorhizal and leguminous symbioses. No other book provides the up-to-date and in-depth coverage of this volume, which is intended to serve as an indispensable reference work for academic, governmental, and industrial scientists working in this area, to introduce students to the global importance of this association, and to provide science administrators with ready access to vital relevant information.

Nitrogen-fixing Leguminous Symbioses (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)

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Nitrogen-fixing Leguminous Symbioses (Nitrogen Fixation: Origins, Applications, and Research Progress)

Manufacturer: Springer
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Binding: Hardcover

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This book is the stand-alone final volume of a comprehensive series covering the basic and applied science relating to nitrogen fixation. It addresses the most important nitrogen-fixing symbiosis of all â€“ that between legumes and their root-nodule bacteria â€“ and therefore deals with the properties and behaviour of both macro- and micro-symbiont. The coverage is comprehensive, beginning with the extent of the symbiosis and how it may have arisen in the geological past. It considers how legumes select the root-nodule bacteria they allow to form nodules on their roots and the intricate series of signals to be exchanged between legume and bacteria for infection to occur. The immense progress in understanding the genetic systems in the bacteria necessary for nodulation is now being replicated in a rapidly increasing understanding of the required systems in the legumes. The cell biology of the processes of both infection and nodule development is analysed and leads to a parallel assessment of the biochemical processes in carbon and nitrogen metabolism required for successful nitroogen fixation by the symbiotic bacteroid. Attention is given to the ways in which the nodule has solved the conundrum of providing enough O ₂ for energy generation to drive nitrogen fixation without either inactivating the O ₂-sensitive nitrogenase or creating damaging reactive oxygen species. The volume also covers the basic physiology of the variety of root-nodule bacteria infecting legumes, as well as looking at the renewed controversy about the chemical form(s) of nitrogen exported to the legume. Successful exploitation of the legume symbiosis in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry demands an understanding of the ecology of the root-nodule bacteria â€“ particularly what makes for a successful inoculant strain for legume introduction to agricultural systems. Then, there is a requirement for inoculation technology to both successfully deliver viable bacteria to the root surface and facilitate nodulation. These practical aspects are thoroughly covered in the volume, with a final chapter assessing how the massive amount of recent information can be exploited in matching host and microsymbiont for the wide variety of environments in which they are needed in our production systems.

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Nitrogen Fixation Research Progress.

ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
ASIN: B000IBGJH4

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Nitrogen Fixation Research Progress.
H.J. Evans
Manufacturer: Publisher Unknown
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
ASIN: B000UFUT2Y

Book Description

Croatia’s dramatic landscape of rugged mountains, clear blue sea, countless islands, and intact old Venetian coastal towns — coupled with its low cost of living — have made it an increasingly popular destination. This useful guide profiles the country from one end to the other, covering both rural locales and larger cities like Dubrovnik. Highlighted here are coastal sailing around isolated bays and islands; hotels and pensions including accommodations on uninhabited islands; the best beaches (including naturist options); and where to find the country’s tastiest cuisine.

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Footprint Croatia.......2007-01-16

This is an excellent book, full of helpful and relevant information on Croatia. The only criticism I would have is that it didn't have enough pictures. For anyone planning to travel to Croatia, or even if anyone just wants to learn about the history of the region, it would be a great book to have.

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Footprint Croatia Handbook
Jane Foster
Manufacturer: Footprint Handbooks
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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Bosnia, Croatia & Herzegovina | Europe | Travel | Subjects | Books

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Lonely Planet Croatia

ASIN: 1903471532

Book Description

Drawn by Croatia's dramatic landscape of rugged mountains, clear blue sea, and historic Venetian towns along the coast, the number of visitors to this fascinating Eastern European country continues to increase. This new guide covers Zagreb and inland Croatia, Istria, Kvarner, and North, Central, and South Dalmatia. It provides practical information on where to stay, from hotels and pensions to "Robinson Crusoe" accommodations on uninhabited islands and newly restored lighthouses. Author Jane Foster, a resident of Croatia for more than five years, offers an insider's advice on sailing the Croatian coast -- the best way to see it -- with its beautiful bays and islands. She covers Croatian treasures such as Dubrovnik and Split, as well as the best beaches (including naturist spots) and water sports centers. 32 pages of full-color maps and evocative photographs help travelers navigate their way through the country and discover its best sights. This handbook perfectly demonstrates why Footprint travel guides are synonymous with discovery and adventure. Each guide provides eye-opening, accurate, and reliable information, ensuring that every trip is memorable, enlightening, and informing.

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