Book Description
A revision of the successful book that incorporates the most up-to-date changes from the quick paced field of biological psychology.
Completely re-written and re-conceived in every edition, this book marries the clinical aspects of the field with the roots of biological research. The author uses many human examples to help make the material interesting and relevant to readers.
For Intro Psychology students, or anyone with an interest in physiological psychology, biological psychology, or neuroscience.
Customer Reviews:
Excellent for basic neuropsych.......2007-07-12
This book is clear and does an excellent job of teaching a beginner the basics of neuropsych. Carlson understands this material can at times be dry and difficult and is able to write anecdotally and scientifically.
Dishonest Amazon.......2007-03-20
I ordered this book based on the Title information. No where did they mention the word "Cram101 Textbook" in the title. It is only in the Editorial that they mention this. This is clearly false advertising by Amazon who I can only conclude are trying get rid of a surplus of these
companion texts!
even for non-psy majors.......2007-02-09
This book is really easy to, but that does not mean that it does not provide you with good information. In fact, I think the book is informative while being quite concise. The diagrams are nice too.
Wonderful!.......2007-01-11
I personally found my Physiological Psychology course quite challenging since I had no background in Biology, but reading this book made the topic quite interesting.
Be careful what you order..........2006-07-29
Just so everyone knows, this is NOT the actual textbook. This is just a study guide.
Book Description
* The most up-to-date and comprehensive coverage of the relationship of brain function and neuroactive chemicals
* Authors are world-known leaders in the field
* Molecular Neuropharmacology is the hot topic in medicine
Customer Reviews:
Great!.......2007-09-23
This book is very well written and interesting, discussing neuropharmocology from molecular, cellular, and biochemical bases as well as physiologically and socially.
Highly recommended.......2006-08-16
Great review of neuroscience from the pharmacological viewpoint. Thorough, systematic explanations of neurotransmitter systems up to higher brain functions. Highlights drugs that affect each system in the text. Begins with basic review of pharmacology and neuroscience for those who don't have solid footing there. Language is clear and easy to read, contains main points on first page of each chapter and selected reading at the end.
This is your brain on drugs, endogenous or otherwise........2004-06-22
Anyone who wants an understanding of how the brain works at the molecular level should read this excellent, succinct text. I recommend it to anesthesiologists in particular since we parctice in brain-neuropharmacology daily.
Highly Recommended!.......2002-05-02
This book is well organized, well written, and very informative. If you're interested in neuropharmacology, you should definitely get this book.
Book Description
Some investigators have argued that emotions, especially animal emotions, are illusory concepts outside the realm of scientific inquiry. However, with advances in neurobiology and neuroscience, researchers are demonstrating that this position is wrong as they move closer to a lasting understanding of the biology and psychology of emotion. In Affective Neuroscience, Jaak Panksepp provides the most up-to-date information about the brain-operating systems that organize the fundamental emotional tendencies of all mammals. Presenting complex material in a readable manner, the book offers a comprehensive summary of the fundamental neural sources of human and animal feelings, as well as a conceptual framework for studying emotional systems of the brain. Panksepp approaches emotions from the perspective of basic emotion theory but does not fail to address the complex issues raised by constructionist approaches. These issues include relations to human consciousness and the psychiatric implications of this knowledge. The book includes chapters on sleep and arousal, pleasure and fear systems, the sources of rage and anger, and the neural control of sexuality, as well as the more subtle emotions related to maternal care, social loss, and playfulness. Representing a synthetic integration of vast amounts of neurobehavioral knowledge, including relevant neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, and neurochemistry, this book will be one of the most important contributions to understanding the biology of emotions since Darwins The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals
Customer Reviews:
revelatory text.......2007-04-16
i came across the author through a news article in the new york times about laughing rats. they had a link to his paper, which i found fascinating, so i ordered his book. i have no education in science, so i'm interested in the material but i haven't anything more than a high school science education from the mid-1960s, so all this molecular stuff is frightfully difficult for me to internalize. Some of this text is totally gobbledygook for me. There are so many italicized words and those bizarre brain locations i would have needed a pen and pad to actually locate the semantics of those sentences. but when i can get through all that, i find his hypothesis and evidence quite compelling. i've read le doux because he's very simple in his explanations, and in this text he is critized for his dismissal of the limbic system. this book's central thesis is that the "triune" brain represents an evolutionary progression, with primal emotions [anger, fear, "seeking"] an early aspect of nervous systems that conserves across all vertebrates. then he discusses the mroe social behaviors located within the old mammalian brain which we share with other mammals, etc. he provides a molecular description of neurochemical circuits. i am learning a lot, and there is much food for thought. i have no idea, i am not capable of judging whether or not his work and conclusions are valid. I can't tell you whether this book is good science or not. but to me this stuff is important to try to understand, and i think this book brings an important viewpoint to the table that i personally sympathize with and so i choose to accept it -- it fits my biases. i don't know what's true, but at this by reading this, at least i feel like i am beginning to understand the nature of what it really means to be human. so this book is central to my attemp to understand what it means to be alive.
A great survey text.......2006-06-16
Panksepp's "Affective Neuroscience" represents a landmark text in this field. It is a concise and readable summary of the relevant science. Panksepp does a laudable job of collecting a wealth of research data, providing a theoretical integration for that data and presenting all of this in an accessible form. The text is aimed at seriously minded students - the level of detail would be off-putting to the casual reader who might be better off with Joseph LeDoux's "Emotional Brain" (though that book is centered mainly around the emotion of fear).
The book is broken up into three main sections. The first section offers a general conceptual background (including a nice review of relevant neuroanatomy, neurochemistry and neurophysiology), along with an outline of a coherent research strategy. Panksepp calls for a research program that unites behavioral, cognitive/psychological and neuroscientific approaches in the study of mind. While the subject of emotion is capable of being approached from several different levels of analysis, he holds that the brain-systems level represents a `gold standard'. Thus the majority of research presented in "Affective Neuroscience" has been gathered from animal research utilizing brain stimulation (electrical and chemical), as well as lesion studies. Relevant data from human experiments is also presented. One of the major advantages of animal experiments is that they permit for the use of invasive techniques and thus for causal links to be established as opposed to the correlational nature of human imaging studies. Also, given the largely sub-neocortical nature of emotional processes and the remarkable prevalence of evolutionary homologues in the ancient divisions of the neuro-axis (homologues in neuroanatomy as well as in neurochemistry), generalizations can often be made from other mammals to humans.
Panksepp takes the not-so-controversial point of view that emotional packages are evolutionarily derived operating systems with their own intrinsic forms of organization. The kinds of environmental challenges faced by our mammalian ancestors (e.g., the need to avoid threats, to seek out mates) necessitated very specific modifications of the nervous system and the `discovery' of basic `emotion organ systems' via the blind algorithmic processes of natural selection. Panksepp feels that adequate neuroanatomical, neurochemical and neurophysiological knowledge has been obtained to substantiate the delineation of several fundamental emotional operating systems (covered in the rest of the book): SEEKING, RAGE, FEAR and PANIC, along with the more pro-social circuits of LUST, CARE and PLAY. Most of these circuitries are hierarchically situated in brainstem, paleocortical and limbic areas. The identified emotional circuits have central integrating functions capable of recruiting and modulating various perceptual and cognitive resources `above' and visceral motor outputs `below'; they coordinate the full `orchestra' of emotional responses. Once activated each of these modules includes specific behavioral tendencies, modes of cognitive processing and subjective tone. The subjective tone represents a primodial form of consciousness that maps the relation between the self and the environment.
Panksepp insists that this ancient affective consciousness is not just a simple epiphenomenon of neural activity (i.e., not just froth) but that it has a definite functional role. He sees the importance of this affective experiential dimension as providing the organism with a kind of coding system (e.g., it codes objects/events as either biologically useful or harmful)which assists in the maintenance and calibration of long term behavioral strategies. For instance, he uses the example of how the subjective experience of the color red in primates is not just an epiphenomenon but that it actively controls behavior in so far as the color red can be used as a means of judging the ripeness of fruit.
In emphasizing the importance of these raw feels Panksepp takes a position that is contrary to majority opinion; many investigators view animals as automata and although they readily grant that they are fully capable of emotional expression they are more hesitant about granting them internal emotional experience. The point of contention is where to place affective experience along the vertical dimension of the neuro-axis. While some investigators (e.g., LeDoux, Damasio) essentially hold that elaboration of the phenomenological feel of emotional states does not occur below telencephalic areas, Panksepp claims that these `primary-process' raw feeling states are organized at midbrain levels.
While some portions of the book are highly speculative, Panksepp generally acknowledges this. The only way for a young science to progress is by being speculative and Panksepp proves himself to be an original thinker. One would think that this book provides a lot of useful information for evolutionary psychological theories . It approaches the themes explored by evolutionary psychology from a brain science perspective rather than from the cognitive/computational perspective. There are also plenty of clinical implications as Panksepp explores the way in which the major emotional circuitries can become dysregulated in psychiatric disorders. There are also interesting links with other theorists - for example, much like Damasio, Panksepp stresses the importance of the brain's body maps in the foundation of consciousness. An updated version of the text would be welcome.
An Excellent Foundation, Despite Its Age.......2006-03-24
It often astonishes me how many of my colleagues continue to argue that emotions are no more than simple reflexes that probably do not even exist in animals. Yet anyone who spends much time with animals constantly observes sophisticated reasoning and highly developed emotions. And it is difficult to try and reduce the sometimes devastating consequences of emotional disturbances in people with mood disorders to a series of reflexes.
Fortunately the understanding of the neurobiology of emotion has taken enormous strides in recent years. Jaak Panksepp, long regarded as one of the leaders in the field, gives us a wonderfully readable account of some of the neurological machinery that helps organize emotion in ALL mammals. For it is becoming clear that emotion is present in every mammal so far studied: even mice show evidence of emotion.
Panksepp includes discussion of arousal and of sleep: this one is of particular importance in the light of the increasing body of clinical work indicating that many mood disorders are secondary to disturbances of sleep, rather than sleep disorders being a consequence of mood disorders. He goes on to discuss systems involved in pleasure and fear, the sources of some forms of anger and rage. He is very good on the neural control of sexuality in animals, as well as the subtle emotions involved maternal care, social loss, and playfulness. The importance of these neurological systems in human beings remains an open question: humans are so astonishingly complex and have so many "extra" dimensions on their behavioral actions, that it is probably unwise to try and reduce these complex behaviors to the firing of groups of neurons.
This focus on the neurobiology of affect is welcome, though it is valuable to remember that emotion can also be conceptualized as irreducible psychological and social functions.
Although this book is eight years old, it remains an excellent foundation and context in which to place more recent books and papers.
Good basic information for biologists interested in the Neuroscience of Emotions.......2005-07-20
The information in Affective Neuroscience covers all information from a evolutionary perspective including literature from birds and mammals. In every case human responses, regions of the brain, etc. are the same or very similar. One of the most interesting inclusions is the information about mental disorders associated with improper functions of the receptors described. The synthesis of material is very good, although the author is not a succint writer. The
most thought-provoking section of each chapter is the last section, Afterthought of the author.
I recommend this book as a resource, but recent PET Scan information would improve the relevance of this book Perhaps the author can add an addendum to each chapter or better yet, write a new version of this very valuable book.
Excellent!.......2003-01-05
Dr. Panksepp has provided a solid foundation for further investigation into the biological bases of emotions and affect. The claims and speculations [reported in the book] were developed from the results of many studies as well as from hypotheses not yet tested. Further research will likely confirm many of Panksepp's claims, but will surely disconfirm others.
At least one of the previous reviewers stated that the book is "annoying, speculative, and even erroneous." Of course it is! How else does science progress? If we did not speculate, make errors, or go against earlier suggestions, no discoveries could be made. My suggestion to ths reviewer is to read the entire book. As with any literary work, reading only the first several chapters prevents the reader from realizing the main point of the book.
Customer Reviews:
"Brain and Behavior for and by dummies".......2007-08-25
Within the first two chapters, there are a number of misleading claims and outright falsehoods which make me question the intelligence and qualifications of its authors. They claim, for instance, that the brain's purpose is to create what the authors call a "sensory reality" (I can only assume they mean consciousness). Well, the fact is, a lot of good neurology and philosophy dealing with the subject matter is simply not clear on this matter--consciousness is likely to be an epiphenomenon not related too much to function. In fact, there are some studies that point to this possibility--being able to tell when a person will move their finger before they even realize it.
Another example of shoddy scholarship is found in the first and second chapters, respectively: Ironically, the authors discredit cartesian dualism in the first chapter rather offhandedly only to bring it back in the second. To quote the book, "Each function requires specific neural systems to create the sensory world, to produce movement (behavior) and to integrate the two." If they are separate, we seem to be back at some form of dualism--I'm not sure what the authors were thinking and I'm not sure they do either.
Consistent flaws coupled with a writing style that is downright insulting to the reader's intelligence make this a book to skip (if possible) when first learning about the brain and behavior.
Brain Fanatics.......2006-12-27
This textbook provides a thorough introduction to the brain, starting from the nerves to actual sensory systems (motor, auditory, visual etc.,). Even though I spent some time reading this book, I was disappointed the professor only referred to it once or twice and relied primarily on lectures to create tests. Besides providing the mechanism behind the flow of information in the brain, its discussion of how injuries to the brain result in certain conditions (visual agnosia, neglect syndrome, amnesia, aphasia etc.,) also helped my understanding of the material a lot. The biggest hurdle is understanding how nerves function, after that everything is more or less memorization.
NOT the textbook, just an outline.......2006-08-30
This is NOT a paperback version of the textbook.
It is simply an outline of all the important terms from the book. It might be helpful if you don't want to highlight your book, and want all important terms in one place, but it is not a substitute for the book.
Buy the hardcover version if you want the real text.
Average customer rating:
- practical guidance for research scientists
- For the philosopher of mind, this is THE start of the road.
- "Without language we are naked apes" ??
- Superb critique of how Idealism confuses scientists
- Excellent, and controversial, critique of neuroscience
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Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience
Max R. Bennett , and
Peter Hacker
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Brain-Wise: Studies in Neurophilosophy
ASIN: 140510838X |
Book Description
In this provocative work, a distinguished philosopher and a leading neuroscientist outline the conceptual problems at the heart of cognitive neuroscience.Writing from a scientifically and philosophically informed perspective, the authors provide a critical overview of the conceptual difficulties encountered in many current neuroscientific and psychological theories, including those of Blakemore, Crick, Damasio, Edelman, Gazzaniga, Kandel, Kosslyn, LeDoux, Penrose and Weiskrantz. They propose that conceptual confusions about how the brain relates to the mind affect the intelligibility of research carried out by neuroscientists, in terms of the questions they choose to address, the description and interpretation of results and the conclusions they draw.The book forms both a critique of the practice of cognitive neuroscience and a conceptual handbook for students and researchers.
Customer Reviews:
practical guidance for research scientists.......2007-05-19
I concur with the reviews below. I would also like to advise reading Peter Munz's "Critique of Impure Reason" and "Beyond Wittgenstein's Poker" as prerequisites or complements to this book.
In addition, I would like to underscore the kind of practical guidance this book has to offer. For example, on page 134 (paperback), the authors state--
"We are not suggesting that these considerations settle the a priori question of whether colours (and other secondary qualities) are objective qualities of objects or subjective modifications of our sensibility. The arguments are complex and ramified. [footnote here] What we are suggesting is that cognitive neuroscientists should not adopt a non-scientific, metaphysical doctrine of questionable philosophical ancestry, which is supported by philosophical arguments of questionable validity. This recommendation is by no means trivial, since the seventeenth-century conception of reality, of what is objective and what is subjective, of the nature of perception and its objects, has profoundly affected the ways in which brain scientists currently conceive of their investigations. This particular philosophical doctrine is not necessary for coherent, successful neuroscientific investigation, and neuroscientists' reports of the results of their investigations would benefit, not suffer, from bypassing this contentious conceptual matter."
If you would prefer bypassing the futile attempt to conduct twenty-first century research using seventeeth-century metaphysics, then you will appreciate this kind of guidance.
And the book is a treasure trove rich with examples of this kind of sage and practical guidance.
For the philosopher of mind, this is THE start of the road........2006-11-29
*disclaimer: I am writing this as a philosopher of mind so any parts of the book or chapters not related to this are not what I am addressing.*
I do not mean to say that Bennett and Hacker have all the answers, but their "ordinary language" approach, along with their debt to Wittgenstein, Ryle, Kenny and Strawson, says something about their book. Most contemporary philosophers of mind (Sprague, Strawson and Hacker, among others, excluded) have rightly dismissed the soul, but have decided that there is something "mysterious" about consciousness, or perception or emotion, or what have you. In response, Bennett and Hacker have shown what "consciousness" really is: the conscious acts of people existing in the world. This is why we know that other people are conscious actors: they do conscious things such as watch birds, or play chess, or eat ham sandwiches.
If Michael Tye's or David Chalmers' or Colin McGinn's problems of consiousness (e.g. that I can know that you feel the same pain that I feel, or that you see the same color that I see) are indeed problems for you, you should read this book; if it doesn't prove to you that they are not problems at all, at least it will give you a new way of looking at the problems so that you may come to your own interesting conclusions.
"Without language we are naked apes" ??.......2005-06-07
I claim that with language we are nothing-but jabbering naked apes!
Seriously though, this is the best-written exposition of the Anglo-American analytical philosophical view of the current status of conceptualizing going on surrounding the new sciences of "mind and brain." It is written with extreme clarity. It is very readable in that one can start almost anywhere using the table of contents and the annotations throughout to find points of interest. You can almost read it as if it were web enabled after putting away the first chapter or two. The authors succeed in their goal in making the book very easy to use and understand. I highly recommend the book to anyone interested in philosophy of mind, or philosophy of neuroscience. All the arguments are up-to-date. All the major polarizing issues in the field are covered, and all the major players are given coverage. The footnotes and appendices are also well done. The clarity of exposition and good grammar is admirable.
The only problem with the book is that they are completely wrong. The authors' point of view is built almost entirely on a view of meaning that has outlived its usefulness. Ludwig Wittgenstein has the unique distinction of having lead two, going on three, generations of philosophers on two continents into semantic oblivion TWICE in one career, and the authors are bent on continuing that tradition. They criticize neuroscientists (and those philosophers who are tagging along for the ride) primarily for misusing concepts. They have nothing bad to say about the quality of research or the scientific achievements except where the wrong kinds of experiments get done or where results are misconstrued due to continuing conceptual confusion. Nevertheless, they exemplify the extreme unquestioning dedication to a rationalism based on how words are or should be used according to public linguistic norms. (A rule is a rule, right?) The book then amounts to 400 some odd pages of hand-slapping as the philosophers, like English teachers, take it upon themselves to discipline all those unruly slang laden neuroscientists. No wonder analytical philosophers are characterized as pompous or irrelevant all too often. (They give philosophy majors like me a bad name.)
I likewise do not have much enthusiasm for the naïve reductionist views that are prevalent among neuroscientists and the "eliminative" views that support them. I held both views myself some 35 years ago. But I finally outgrew it with good reason upon realizing how badly reductionism was doing explaining our natural world, particularly its failings in accounting for emergent behavior in systems, quantum phenomena and the relationship between them. Another reason was being turned off by all the uncritical go-go-science cheerleading from the sidelines. I worry for what the public will make of all the mind-brain breakthrough bragging going on. Reading this book provided me with a much needed philosophical tune-up and the realization that I'd better be more careful of what I say and how I say it. But it did not convince me that a blind allegiance to the "meaning is use" view will get us any closer to resolution of these issues. This is only going to lead to a stalemate, or worse - the winner will unfortunately be the guy with the most government funding and press time - not the one with the most sensible and meaningful philosophical outlook. The main contribution of the book is to accidently demonstrate how badly a new approach is needed.
To solve these problems and get philosophers and neuroscientists on the same page will require a new view of meaning, what it is, where it comes from, how it evolves, and what exactly it has to do with usage norms. Such a view is, I think, not too far off. Read this book, and then go read everything you can about cognitive semantics and cognitive linguistics by folks like Lakoff, Johnson, Turner, Fauconnier, Elman, Bates, etc, etc. Once the full implications of what this area of research has to say about concepts, language, language games and philosophy itself are known, some new ways of approaching these stale philosophical problems will surface. [OOPs, guess I blew it, areas of research cannot talk, sorry Hacker.] When that happens, I am sure we will all find the words to express it.
Superb critique of how Idealism confuses scientists.......2005-02-02
What are you, a ghost in a machine or a living human being? In this excellent book, the authors, a neuroscientist and a philosopher, answer the question.
They say that Rene Descartes' ideas still cause many muddles. He thought that we were all ghosts in machines, two things in one. This was because he believed that there were two basic kinds of thing, mind and matter (a theory called dualism), and that what we are depends on what our minds do (idealism).
The authors show that commonsense clears up the muddles. We are all living human beings. "The person ... is a psychophysical entity, not a duality of two conjoined substances, a mind and a body."
The authors show that dualism - the ghost in the machine - can never explain how our minds relate to our bodies. Our minds are not things, so they cannot cause changes by acting on our brains.
Often neuroscientists wrongly ascribe to our brains the activities that Descartes and his followers like John Locke ascribed to our minds. But human beings - not our brains or minds - think, see, decide and feel. "The brain and its activities make it possible for us - not for it - to perceive and think, to feel emotions, and to form and pursue projects."
Too many neuroscientists trap themselves in idealism. For example, Francis Crick wrote, "What we see appears to be located outside our body. ... What you see is not what is really there. ... In fact we have no direct knowledge of the objects in the world."
But the authors reply, "What we see does not appear to be located outside us. What we see is necessarily located outside our body, unless we are looking at ourselves in a mirror, or at our limbs or thorax." We see what is really there, the real world, and we directly know objects in the world, which exist whether we see them or not.
This is materialism, which "in its simplest and warranted form amounts to a denial that there are mental or spiritual substances." Materialism does not mean that our minds are our brains. It does not mean that we explain things, even material things, by studying the matter of which they are made. Materialism does not reduce everything to physics, or reduce our minds to our nervous systems.
Colin Blakemore was wrong to write, "We are machines", Crick wrong to write, "You ... are in fact no more than the behaviour of a vast assembly of nerve cells and their associated molecules." Our goals, motives and reasons - not our cells or molecules - explain our behaviour.
The authors show that scientists and philosophers do two different, useful jobs. Scientists analyse what's true and what's false. They create theories to explain and hypotheses to predict.
Philosophers analyse concepts and the rules for the use of words. They clarify what makes sense and what does not. And these authors have done this job superbly.
Excellent, and controversial, critique of neuroscience.......2004-06-12
Undoubtedly this book contains both excellence in terms of its review thoroughness and controversey by virtue of its conclusions. It is quite clear from the beginning that Hacker's philosophical stance drives most of the conceptual critique in the book. It is a complicated book, given the vast variety of themes and attendant analyses, and a short review will do it little justice. However, Hacker is a later Wittgensteinian, and to appreciate most of the philosophical input the reader should have reasonable knowledge of the contrast between early and later Wittgenstein, and what exactly characterises the core components of the latter.
The primary criticism leveled at neuroscience is that it is a conceptual shambles due to repeatedly confusing functions of 'selves' with functions of organs (the brain of course). Neursoscience is identified with Cartesian dualism by clumsily shifting talk of properties of persons to talk of brain phenomena and assuming them equivalent. The anvil upon which neuroscience is being philosophically temepered is termed the mereological principle (or fallacy - and you can buy the book for an explanation).
Part of the criticism echoes Wittgenstein's 'if a lion could talk we wouldn't understand him', and most significantly recalls previous critiques of private langage arguments (with a nod to Kripke). It turns out, according to Bennet and Hacker, that neuroscience has been secretly keeping private mental objects alive - presumably in ignorance of philosophical canons.
The book concludes with a well argued and welcome broadside against Dennett's intentional stance (a sacred tenet among cognitve neuroscientists) and, unfortunately, a more toothless critique of Searle on intentionality.
Is this a good book? As an exercise in conceptual analysis this is an excellent text to study - and disagree with. However, implicit in the text is a philosophical backcloth that will not be accessible to many readers outside philosophy (e.g. the presentation of neuroscientific concepts as neo-platonic). It is an immensely scholarly work, but personally I believe that readers with an informed understanding of Wittgenstein will follow the threads more easily than others. Nevertheless, I heartily recommend it.
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The Foundations of Cognitive Science
Manufacturer: The MIT Press
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ASIN: 0262660865 |
Book Description
What is cognitive science? Foundations of Cognitive Science answers this question in a way that gives a feeling for the excitement, ferment, and accomplishments of this new field. It is the first broad treatment of cognitive science at an advanced level.
Complete and authoritative, Foundations of Cognitive Science covers the major architectures; provides background in philosophy, linguistics, cognitive psychology, and neuroscience; and deals with methods for studying both brain and mind. All of the chapters have been written especially for the book by the leading scholars in the field.
Michael I. Posner is Professor of Psychology at the University of Oregon.
Book Description
with simulations and illustrations by Richard Gray
Problem solving is an indispensable part of learning a quantitative science such as neurophysiology. This text for graduate and advanced undergraduate students in neuroscience, physiology, biophysics, and computational neuroscience provides comprehensive, mathematically sophisticated descriptions of modern principles of cellular neurophysiology. It is the only neurophysiology text that gives detailed derivations of equations, worked examples, and homework problem sets (with complete answers).
Developed from notes for the course that the authors have taught since 1983, Foundations of Cellular Neurophysiology covers cellular neurophysiology (also some material at the molecular and systems levels) from its physical and mathematical foundations in a way that is far more rigorous than other commonly used texts in this area.
Customer Reviews:
Mathematical Cellular Neurophysiology.......2004-06-11
This book is chock full of equations concerning the Hodgkin-Huxley Model, Kinetics of Ionic Channels, Presynaptic & Postsynaptic Transmission, LTP, LTD, quantum vesicular release and reuptake, & a "scant" neural net theory. There are a plethora of 'end of chapter' problems with derivations & applications to solve. The book is going to be confusing and tedious, even for computationally trained neuroscientists. For me, this book is a reference only. The format is similar to Thomas Weiss' Cellular Biophysics 2 Volume Set. There is too much on the Hodgkin-Huxley Model which is very important historically, but of less interest today than it was in the 1960s. The authors also use cable theory to model neuronal & dendritic function.
Pick a different book.......2001-10-11
This was the assigned text for a short section on electrophysiology in my first year graduate neuroscience course. I did not have a math or electronics background, but had worked in a neurophys lab for two years. I managed to learn stuff from this book, but it was hard work and I couldn't have done it without my lecturer and classmates. It's obvious that the authors really know their stuff, but being able to explain it to novices is another thing... And I agree with the other reviewer who noted that the index is *completely* useless, almost random lists of page numbers after topics...
Unless you have to buy this book for a class, skip it (and if it is the text for a course, ask your instructor why!!)- buy Molecular and Cellular Physiology of Neurons by Fain instead, it doesn't cover as many topics, but breadth is no use if you can't understand the content. My department switched to the Fain text last year because so many people complained about Johnston et al.
I liked this book!.......2001-08-13
The book cover boasts that this is the only book with through discussions in mathematical equations, etc. Indeed! Except that there are other mathematically oriented books with kindly worked out examples. Some concepts, such as deriviation of the cable equation, were wonderfully presented. However, no attempt is made to obtain the solution. To think about it, that might have been an appropriate choice, for a physiologist does not have to know all the mathematics. However, the Rall model (Sec. 3.5) should have been approached in analogy with impedance matching. A unique feature of this book was somewhat detailed discussion of the Stochastic nature of ion channels. This is a good book, I believe. Overall, mathematics is thorough and abstract concepts are well chewed over.
Dense and confusing.......2001-01-03
This book covers a lot of material. The quality varies from chapter to chapter. Figures are sprinkled here and there with very little explanation of what they mean. Additionally, there is not much consistency between figures. This book might be serve as a good companion to a course, but it's virtually useless for self study.
My background is engineering and neuroscience, but I still found the math to be poorly explained. If you're trying to learn about biophysics and cellular neurophysiology, pick another book. If you're unfortunate enough to have this book assigned to you for a class, make sure you attend the lectures.
The index is also terrible and virtually useless for anything that I've tried to look up. The only good thing about the book is that it references a lot of stuff, so you know where to look.
One star is for the breadth of topics covered and one is for the references. The Matisse drawing on the cover is also a nice touch.
Understand the biophysics of excitable cells.......1997-12-16
You don't really have to hold a degree in mathematics or physics to understand cellular biophysics quantitavely; at least not with this book.
Clearly written, concise, self-contained, begins with the very basic knowledge of ion transport through semi-permeable membranes, moves to electrical properties of membranes, and then to passive and active properties of neuronal membranes, all in a very didactic and intuitive approach.
Of special interest are the chapters on stochastic analysis and formulation of single channel function, and on the relationship between calcium dynamics and transmitter release.
This text is essential for students interested in pursuing graduate studies in electrophysiology, cellular neuroscience, and in computational neuroscience.
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- sculpting images out of pure depth and looking inside the black box
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Foundations of Cyclopean Perception
Bela Julesz
Manufacturer: MIT Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
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ASIN: 0262101130 |
Book Description
This classic work on cyclopean perception has influenced a generation of vision researchers, cognitive scientists, and neuroscientists and has inspired artists, designers, and computer graphics pioneers. In Foundations of Cyclopean Perception (first published in 1971 and unavailable for years), Bela Julesz traced the visual information flow in the brain, analyzing how the brain combines separate images received from the two eyes to produce depth perception. Julesz developed novel tools to do this: random-dot stereograms and cinematograms, generated by early digital computers at Bell Labs. These images, when viewed with the special glasses that came with the book, revealed complex, three-dimensional surfaces; this mode of visual stimulus became a paradigm for research in vision and perception. This reprint edition includes all 48 color random-dot designs from the original, as well as the special 3-D glasses required to view them.
Foundations of Cyclopean Perception has had a profound impact on the vision studies community. It was chosen as one of the one hundred most influential works in cognitive science in a poll conducted by the University of Minnesota's Center for Cognitive Sciences. Many copies are "permanently borrowed" from college libraries; used copies are sought after online. Now, with this facsimile of the 1971 edition, the book is available again to cognitive scientists, neuroscientists, vision researchers, artists, and designers.
Customer Reviews:
sculpting images out of pure depth and looking inside the black box.......2006-01-06
Imagine yourself walking through a field of tall grass with one eye shut. Right ahead of you is a striped animal, a zebra say, that is invisible, perfectly blended with the grassy background. Now open both eyes. Suddenly, the zebra appears before you, its contours revealed in depth. Information about the zebra's shape was not present in the patterns of light that went into each of your eyes but the information is there in the difference between the patterns.
To create this effect artificially it is necessary to be able to generate and manipulate complex patterns of light and dark elements that model the highlights and shadows that fell on your eyes in that sunny field. It was Bela Julesz who recognized that computer technology made this possible. He called the stimuli that produce this effect 'random dot stereograms' and the process through which the effect works 'cyclopean perception'. Julesz also realized that the effect could be exploited to gain insights into the information processing that goes on in visual perception.
Julesz was inspired by an idea of Seymour Papert's to devise a methodology that he called 'psychoanatomy.' The idea is that information that goes into the eyes is extracted in stages. But, in general, the system the mediates between the eye and our
conscious knowledge of what we see is a black box; We can't tell in what order the information is analyzed. With a random dot stereogram, however, it is possible to distinguish between information that is available to the individual eyes and information that only becomes available once images from the two eyes are synthesized. One can infer that the first kind of information must be extracted early in the visual process, before the inputs from the two eyes come together while information of the second kind must be extracted later, at or after, the stage when the inputs come together.
Julesz explains all this very clearly and throws out many other ideas as well, including an interesting model of the physiology of stereo perception. The book is also a visual treat, full of striking stereograms.
Book Description
A full understanding of the biology and behavior of humans cannot be complete without the collective contributions of the social sciences, cognitive sciences, and neurosciences. This book collects eighty-two of the foundational articles in the emerging discipline of social neuroscience.
The book addresses five main areas of research: multilevel integrative analyses of social behavior, using the tools of neuroscience, cognitive science, and social science to examine specific cases of social interaction; the relationships between social cognition and the brain, using noninvasive brain imaging to document brain function in various social situations; rudimentary biological mechanisms for motivation, emotion, and attitudes, and the shaping of these mechanisms by social factors; the biology of social relationships and interpersonal processes; and social influences on biology and health.
Customer Reviews:
Slosh.......2007-08-20
It isn't that they shouldn't, but some words, posed as category mistakes, don't seem to go together. For instances, consider waves and particles, "genomic environment" or, as is the case in the title under review, "social neuroscience." These odd couples seem to grind against each other, as if repelled to opposite places in long established categories like tectonic plates whose shifting juxtaposition shambles an established order. This antonymic phenomenon highlights a problem that has confronted science-makers stretching back at least as far as Plato and Aristotle and on to Descartes, Popper, and contemporary philosophers of science. The problem is this. To study, we take things apart, introducing vast vocabularies of particularization. To understand more comprehensively, we put these particulars back together, meshing, overlapping, integrating, and harmonizing the cacophony of disciplinary vocabularies. These are not either/or processes. It was so much easier in thought networks like those of the Zuni who saw ever so clearly that there was no such distinction between a wave and the sea itself. They called it "slosh."
FOUNDATIONS IN SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE is a hefty volume (1357 pages) demonstrating that neuroscience is now old enough to be married to human adaptive experience. Like the Zuni word "slosh" it reminds us that nature abhors boundaries as well as vacuums. FOUNDATIONS evidences meaningful synthesis and integration, working up and down the conceptual ladder from the micro to the macro and back again. Transduction processes are explicated from mRNA to hormonal development to tactile comforting to social capital and then back to mRNA, as environmental circumstances feed forward and back to affect neurophysiological and neurochemical ones in the ongoing dynamics of human adaptation.
FOUNDATIONS IN SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE is also, in a sense, a birth announcement of a novel interdiscipline. This is concretized in a very unusual arrangement, the kind one comes to expect from The University of Chicago, where John T. Cacioppo, the first listed editor of this volume, is the Tiffany & Margaret Blake Distinguished Service Professor, Director of the Social Psychology Program AND Director of the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience. Other editors include Gary G. Berntson, Ralph Adolphs, C. Sue Carter and eight others whose names are a Who's Who in the biological and social sciences. Thus FOUNDATIONS might well be called the bible of this newly emerging integrative program, with newer testaments added by professors Cacioppo and Berntson and colleagues more recently. (Cf. J.T. Cacioppo & G.G. Berntson, Eds., ESSAYS IN SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004; J.T. Cacioppo & G.G. Berntson, Eds.. SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE: KEY READINGS. New York: Psychology Press, 2004; J.T. Cacioppo, P.S. Visser, & C.L. Pickett, Eds.. SOCIAL NEUROSCIENCE: PEOPLE THINKING ABOUT THINKING PEOPLE. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005.
A short list of FOUNDATIONS accomplishments includes 1) the significant effort toward the creation of harmony out of the disciplines of genetics, physiology, immunology, endocrinology, neuroscience, cognitive psychology, personality psychology and sociology 2) the description of a relatively seamless connectedness from DNA to social experience to DNA, 3) the taxonomic outline of Social Neuroscience as a scientific interdiscipline: (A) Multilevel Integrative Analysis of Social Behavior, (B) Social Cognition and the Brain, (C) Social Neuroscience of Motivation, Emotion, and Attitudes, (D) Biology of Social Relationships and Interpersonal Processes, (E) Social Influences on Biology and Health, and 4) the collection of seminal research in social neuroscience between the covers of one very big book. At least implicitly, numerous chapters challenge Francis Crick's "Central Dogma" and the notion of locked in and closed off genetic material impervious to adaptive environmental influences.
FOUNDATIONS has 83 chapters but the one by Liu, Diorio, et al. (Chap. 48: Maternal care, hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal responses to stress), which reports on the research program from the Montreal laboratory of Michael Meaney at McGill, gives a very good sense of the integration from mRNA to hormonal and neural development to social activity and then back again to mRNA. The authors pick up on the work of Levine a half century ago on the post-partum handling of rat pups, who when compared to non-handled ones, had reduced responses to stress. Levine's work revealed that the handling affected the stress response including hormonal release (adrenal corticosterone). Liu and colleagues report on a series of experiments showing that handling affects pup behavior (increased ultrasonic vocalizations), which affects maternal care (pattern of licking and grooming), which affects variability in the expression of mRNA in various systems, which affects neural and hormonal system development (parvocellular neurons of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus), which affects inhibitory feedback of the stress response (in rats, level of release of corticotrophin releasing hormone) and raises the possibility of non-genomic modes of inheritance. (For more on non-genomic inheritance see: E. Jablonka & M.J. Lamb, EVOLUTION IN FOUR DIMENSIONS. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2005).
FOUNDATIONS is an extraordinary exposition that is a must read for life and social scientists as well as those life-long learners interested in human adaptation. An excellent companion volume is by Bruce S. McEwen and H. Maurice Goodman, Eds.. HANDBOOK OF PHYSIOLOGY: COPING WITH THE ENVIRONMENT: Vol. IV. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press, 2001. See also, A. R. Cellura's THE GENOMIC ENVIRONMENT AND NICHE-EXPERIENCE. Abbeville, SC: Cedar Springs Press, 2005, for the confluence of genomic influences, central nervous system development, economic regimes, ecological niches, caloric intake, stature, morbidity and mortality.
A fascinating collection of articles.......2005-08-29
Which brain mechanisms are involved in the typical social interactions that humans engage in everyday life? To what extent are these interactions determined by the dynamical processes in the human brain? Are there separate areas or modules in the brain responsible for these interactions, and what happens when these modules become dysfunctional? These questions, along with many more, are addressed in this collection of articles, which are written for experts in cognitive neuroscience. However, non-experts, such as this reviewer, can profit from a perusal of the articles, even if they have only an understanding of the basic rudiments of cognitive neuroscience. Only twenty-six of these articles were read by this reviewer, and for lack of space just a few of these will be reviewed here.
The article entitled "Neural Correlates of Theory-of-Mind Reasoning: An Event-Related Potential Study", is an attempt to find the neural system that is behind reasoning about mental states. Such a finding is deemed important by the authors of this article, since an impairment of this system may result in autism. They quote research that is suggestive of the idea that the ability to think about mental representations of reality, such as beliefs, is not correlated with the ability to think about other kinds of representations of reality, such as photographs. Autistic individuals have trouble with the former but not with the latter. The authors outline experimental tests that illustrate these differences, and also discuss experiments that show that autistic individuals show greater impairment for left-hemispheric tasks. The implications of these studies for a modularized theory of mind is discussed in some detail, and they conclude these studies give evidence for the assertion that neurophysiological abnormalities in autistic individuals is related to deficits in their social cognitive abilities.
For this reviewer, the most interesting article in the book is the one entitled "Attention, Self-Regulation, and Consciousness", which as the name implies, addresses the study of consciousness. The scientific study of consciousness is finally being taken seriously by cognitive neuroscientists, and this article gives a good example of this. The authors concentrate on the voluntary control of the mental processes that are responsible for the regulation of behavior and thought. They clearly have no qualms at being at odds with entrenched philosophical notions of consciousness and voluntary control. The neuronal system that is responsible for the regulation of thought, emotion, and behavior, is, in their view, one that consists of the midfrontal cortical areas and the underlying basal ganglia. This system has been called the `executive network' by cognitive neuroscientists, and is active for tasks involving selection, conflict, and error detection. The authors discuss various experiments that were conducted to investigate the brain mechanisms behind these three tasks. For selection, the experiment involved the reading of individual words and monitoring (using PET) the brain activity in finding the use of the words. The `scalp signatures' of some of these activations, along with the PET and later fMRI studies, reveal the dynamics involved in the creation of a single thought. The fMRI data revealed even more, namely that different areas are activated when different semantic categories are processed. Most interesting is that these experiments revealed that the neuronal activity in an area that is attended to inhibits items that are far outside of the category attended to. When elements of a task are in conflict, it is expected that executive control will perform the selected function. Experiments involving the Stroop effect revealed that the midline frontal areas are involved in the resolution of conflict between tasks, but that they are not involved in the feelings of conflict and effort. The supervisory attention system is also concerned with error detection, which the authors view as a conscious strategy to adjust the performance speed to a level of accuracy that is deemed adequate. Experiments revealed that error negativity is localized in the anterior cingulate gyrus, but that the areas of activation of the cingulate were different depending on the task demand.
Still another highly interesting article is entitled "In Search of the Self: A Positron Emission Tomography Study" wherein the authors study the assertion that the association of episodic memory retrieval with the activation of right prefrontal cortex can be attributed to the representation of the self in this portion of the brain. In addition, the authors wanted to find out if there was any evidence for the neural correlates of self-referential processing, i.e. does an individual for example remember a word better if it is reference with respect to the self rather than just processed in semantic terms? In the opinion of the authors, if the self is involved in the activation of the right frontal regions in a manner which is independent of the nature of the cognitive operation, then self-referential encoding will also be associated with PET activations that are mainly right lateralized. If the self-referential encoding is associated with activations in the left frontal regions, then it would be similar to other types of (deeper) processing. Experiments were conducted that enabled a comparison between semantic "self", "other", and "general" tasks, and nonsemantic "syllable" tasks. These experiments revealed that adjectives judged semantically were better recognized in a later test than adjectives judged in terms of the number of syllables. Adjectives in the "self" condition were better recognized than those in the "other" and "general" conditions, thus indicating a self-reference effect in memory. Most interesting is the authors' contention that the similarities in cortical activation patterns between the "self" condition and the "other" and "general" conditions reveal that thoughts of self involve a "conceptual self", i.e. a representational schema that arises from an abstraction of several personal episodes. Quoting other researchers, they view the self as a "highly-organized cognitive structure" abstracted from individual instances. Individuals who are brain-damaged and do not possess episodic memory but who can form accurate judgments about their personality characteristics provide further evidence for their assertions.
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From Monkey Brain to Human Brain: A Fyssen Foundation Symposium (Bradford Books)
Manufacturer: The MIT Press
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Binding: Hardcover
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In Search of Memory: The Emergence of a New Science of Mind
ASIN: 0262042231 |
Book Description
The extraordinary overlap between human and chimpanzee genomes does not result in an equal overlap between human and chimpanzee thoughts, sensations, perceptions, and emotions; there are considerable similarities but also considerable differences between human and nonhuman primate brains. From Monkey Brain to Human Brain uses the latest findings in cognitive psychology, comparative biology, and neuroscience to look at the complex patterns of convergence and divergence in primate cortical organization and function.
Several chapters examine the use of modern technologies to study primate brains, analyzing the potentials and the limitations of neuroimaging as well as genetic and computational approaches. These methods, which can be applied identically across different species of primates, help to highlight the paradox of nonlinear primate evolution -- the fact that major changes in brain size and functional complexity resulted from small changes in the genome. Other chapters identify plausible analogs or homologs in nonhuman primates for such human cognitive functions as arithmetic, reading, theory of mind, and altruism; examine the role of parietofrontal circuits in the production and comprehension of actions; analyze the contributions of the prefrontal and cingulate cortices to cognitive control; and explore to what extent visual recognition and visual attention are related in humans and other primates.
The Fyssen Foundation is dedicated to encouraging scientific inquiry into the cognitive mechanisms that underlie animal and human behavior and has long sponsored symposia on topics of central importance to the cognitive sciences.
Books:
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- Gateway to Memory: An Introduction to Neural Network Modeling of the Hippocampus and Learning (Issues in Clinical and Cognitive Neuropsychology)
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- Grand Canyon Zion & Bryce (Wildlife Watcher's Guide)
- Grants for Environmental Protection and Animal Welfare, 2003-2004: Covers Grants to the U.S. and Abroad, Including Environmental in Protectionand Legal ... Environmental Protection & Animal Welfare)
- Growing Up Grizzly: The True Story of Baylee and Her Cubs (Falcon Guide)
- History: Fiction or Science? (Chronology, No. 1)
- History: Fiction or Science? (Chronology, No. 1)
- History: Fiction or Science? (Chronology, No. 1)
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