Wisdom Sits in Places: Landscape and Language Among the Western Apache

Book Description

This remarkable book introduces us to four unforgettable Apache people, each of whom offers a different take on the significance of places in their culture. Apache conceptions of wisdom, manners and morals, and of their own history are inextricably intertwined with place, and by allowing us to overhear his conversations with Apaches on these subjects Basso expands our awareness of what place can mean to people.

Most of us use the term sense of place often and rather carelessly when we think of nature or home or literature. Our senses of place, however, come not only from our individual experiences but also from our cultures. Wisdom Sits in Places, the first sustained study of places and place-names by an anthropologist, explores place, places, and what they mean to a particular group of people, the Western Apache in Arizona. For more than thirty years, Keith Basso has been doing fieldwork among the Western Apache, and now he shares with us what he has learned of Apache place-namesÂ—where they come from and what they mean to Apaches.

"This is indeed a brilliant exposition of landscape and language in the world of the Western Apache. But it is more than that. Keith Basso gives us to understand something about the sacred and indivisible nature of words and place. And this is a universal equation, a balance in the universe. Place may be the first of all concepts; it may be the oldest of all words."Â—N. Scott Momaday

"In Wisdom Sits in Places Keith Basso lifts a veil on the most elemental poetry of human experience, which is the naming of the world. In so doing he invests his scholarship with that rarest of scholarly qualities: a sense of spiritual exploration. Through his clear eyes we glimpse the spirit of a remarkable people and their land, and when we look away, we see our own world afresh."Â—William deBuys

"A very exciting bookÂ—authoritative, fully informed, extremely thoughtful, and also engagingly written and a joy to read. Guiding us vividly among the landscapes and related story-tellings of the Western Apache, Basso explores in a highly readable way the role of language in the complex but compelling theme of a people's attachment to place. An important book by an eminent scholar."Â—Alvin M. Josephy, Jr.

Explores the connections of place, language, wisdom, and morality among the Western Apache.

Customer Reviews:

Moral sites.......2007-09-13

What do people make of places? Basso's opening sentence is a good example of what the Apache call `letting one's mind have room'. As we read through the chapters of the book Basso continues to add layers to the meaning of this opening question. It allows us to reflect on various uses of the word `make'. We make sense of places by interpreting them. We make places intelligible by foregrounding them. We make use of places; as sign posts or land-marks through the use of descriptive naming. We make places or constitute them as sites or repositories of learning; we invest them as placeholders for morality tales or homilies. We make places vital; we invest them with agency, we enchant them, animate them, in the spirit of golems; we take a piece of earth and through magic or metaphysics we bring it alive, giving it a mission and a life of its own.

Wisdom sits in places. The Apache are a good example of virtue ethics. This is a theory of ethics, usually based on Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, which argues against an ethical universalism and in favor of a particularism. It foregoes the quest for nomothetic foundations and looks instead to the development of certain skills or character traits. Aristotle created a catalogue of areas of behavior or traits with a continuum of possible dispositions. The virtuous behavior was the means between the two extremes of each continuum. Thus the virtue of bravery was somewhere in the range between cowardice and foolhardiness or irrational voluntarism in the face of impossible odds or a meaningless risk.
Aristotle's concept of phronesis finds an interesting parallel in the Apache moral imagination. Phronesis is a meta-virtue; it is the ability to choose the right action for each particular event; the ability to find the virtuous means between vicious poles. It is the essential skill for particularism which is the theory that the right action, the correct moral choice is particular to each unique event. It is opposed to the universalist proposition that there are sets of moral propositions or codes that we can apply in a covering law model. Universalism holds that when two of our moral codes clash we resolve the dilemma by applying a meta-rule, most commonly a deontological (Kantian) or utilitarian proposition.
The Apache's sense of wisdom is a good example of a pragmatic ethics informed by a set of virtues that are learned and continually developed throughout their life's journey. In the first chapter we note how each speaker brings the homily (the moral lesson associated with a place name) forward, making it their own, fleshing it out. One imagines that each speaker and hearer of place names is expected to silently immerse themselves in each homily; making it real by seeing it happen. The act of giving vision to the oral narrative is a process of developing layers upon layers of particular exemplars of the lesson. It is thus internalized and carried forward for the next use. As one gains wisdom one becomes more proficient at seeing when and where to apply these lessons.
This is similar to the thought of the American pragmatist and logician, C. S. Peirce, who proposed a fallibilism about knowledge, truth, and scientific results. He felt that we were always discovering more and that a full statement of any putative universal law was always deferred. Peirce's original pragmatism differed from what James and Dewey later made of it. For Peirce we expanded our sense of a truth through a process of discovering layers upon layers of particular applications and gradually gaining more of an understanding of the wider truth. But his sense of fallibilism posited rich moral concepts such as justice or duty as essentially contested concepts.

We have maps in our heads. There are other interesting parallels with the ancient Greeks besides virtue ethics. There is a significant body of study regarding Plato's thought on the spoken and written word. Plato argued that reality resides in absolute and eternal forms. Thus the impressions available to our senses are imitations that is but a shadow of these eternal truths; they confuse us and should not be trusted. Worse still are the imitations of imitations; thus his polemics against poetry, art, and the written word. It would be interesting to combine this with the study of texts in the 20th century to look at the Apache's preference for maps in the head. Barthes, Derrida and others all expanded our notion of what can serve as texts and it might be interesting to look at Apache use of places through some of those lenses.
In addition there are interesting parallels with the sophists. Although Plato and Socrates succeeded in creating our contemporary disdain for sophism, recent work in the study of Isocrates and others brings a new appreciation of certain tenets of sophism. The sophists exhibited some similarities to the Apache notions of epistemology. They both saw the elders and ancestors as the source of wisdom and warrants for knowledge to be used for current problems. They both argued that the knowledge of the past resided less in universal laws than in practices of the ancestors; actual responses to past dilemmas that are best accessed through interpretation rather than a rote use of the covering law model or a slavish rehearsal of rigid and dogmatic rituals.
They both thought that knowledge (as justified true belief) was discovered and ultimately ratified and warranted by the voice of the majority; the interpretation that found the most general favor. The sophists proposed that vigorous debate in an open forum of citizens is the most epistemologically sound form of inquiry. Their best speakers would take both sides on various propositions of what the ancestors would have done in the current crisis. The goal was to make the best possible argument for all options and let the citizenry decide.
Both the ancient Greeks and the Apache continued to observe religious rituals but it would also be interesting to compare characteristics of their religious cosmology, the role of the gods, and their associations with natural entities and nature in general.

A Must Own for collectors of Apache Culture.......2006-08-20

Anthropologists, language students, and Native American culture afficionados will find this book, and any by Keith Basso, written links into a cultural past which struggles to exist today. As the Western Apache tribes become more modern, the information found in this and other Keith Basso writings, become necessities in the preservation of traditional Apache culture; with the exception of the knowledge of a few hundred very traditional Apaches still living in Arizona.

Wisdom Sits in Places.......2005-09-26

This book was mediocre at best. Although Keith Basso did provide some insight into why the Apache people cherish their land, I felt that Basso kept on saying the exact same thing in every sentence. I had the point of the entire book by the time I was ten pages into it, and it kept on going, therefore making me lose my concentration on what I was reading.

strong and thorough examination.......2004-12-01

What do people make of places? This is the central question examined by Keith Basso in his ethno-linguistic study of the relationship between language and landscape among the Apaches of Cibecue, on the Fort Apache Reservation in central Arizona. Basso, a professor of Anthropology at the University of New Mexico, has spent over 30 years conducting field work among the Western Apaches. His publications concerning this group include articles on language, patterns of silence in social interaction, witchcraft beliefs, and ceremonial symbolism, among others. The idea for Wisdom Sits in Places stemmed from a study conducted between 1979 and 1984, in which Basso, with the help of a grant from the National Science Foundation and the guidance of the Apaches, conducted a study of Apache places and place-names; how the Apache refer to their land, the stories behind the place-names, and how these place-names are used in daily conversation by Apache men and women. The result is a stunningly informative account of the use of landscape and language in the social interactions of the Western Apaches.
Basso divides his book into four sections: Quoting the Ancestors, Stalking with Stories, Speaking with Names, and Wisdom Sits in Places. Each chapter's focus is to examine how landscape and language serve distinct purposes in Western Apache society. Basso incorporates the oral history of, and discussions with, local Apaches, as well as his formal training as an ethnographer-linguist, to explain the underlying themes of this book.
First, Basso introduces the reader to the idea of place-names and in the Western Apache construction of history. As conceived by the Apaches, the past is a "well-worn `path' or `trail' which was traveled first by the people's founding ancestors and which subsequent generations of Apaches have traveled ever since" (31). The ancestors gave names to places, based on events that occurred there. Regardless of the physical changes in the landscape that occurred over time, the story of what took place, as well as the place-name, was passed down through generations and serves as a connection between the people and their ancestors.
Second, Basso examines how the language and the land are "manipulated by Apaches to promote compliance with standards for acceptable social behavior and the moral values which support them" (41). The historical tales of place-names are without exception morality tales, intended to influence patterns of social action. Their purpose is to serve as warnings, criticisms, and enlightenment for those who are behaving improperly; not in accordance with the Apache way of life. The telling of a historical tale is "intended as a critical and remedial response" to an individual's having committed one or more social offenses. Apaches contend that if the message is taken to heart, a lasting bond will have been created between that individual and the site at which the events in the tale took place. In short, the land, accompanied with its historical tale, "makes the people live right" (61).
Third, through the act of "speaking with names", place-names can be condensed "into compact form their essential moral truths" (101). "Speaking with names" is considered appropriate only under certain circumstances, generally to enable those who engage in it "to acknowledge a regrettable circumstance without explicitly judging it, to exhibit solicitude without openly proclaiming it, and to offer advice without appearing to do so" (91). Evoking images of a particular place and narrative thus replaces a more direct form of advice or criticism, with "a minimum of linguistic means" (103).
Finally, with the guidance of his Apache friend, Dudley Patterson, Basso examines the path of wisdom in Western Apache society. Patterson explains there are two mental conditions, "steadiness of mind", and "resilience of mind", which lead to a third and most desirable condition, smoothness of mind. These three conditions are not innate; therefore, one must work on one's mind in order to gain wisdom. To work on one's mind, "one must observe different places, learn their Apache place-names, and reflect on traditional narratives that underscore the virtues of wisdom" (134). A resilient mind, according to Patterson, does not "give in to panic or fall prey to spasms of anxiety or succumb to spells of crippling worry" (132). A steady mind is "unhampered by feelings of arrogance or pride, anger or vindictiveness, jealously or lust" (133). Steadiness and resilience give way to a sense of "cleared space" or "area free of obstruction", conditions necessary for smoothness of mind. Only those who continue on the trail of wisdom their whole lives come closest to having a smooth mind, and are "able to foresee disaster, fend off misfortune, and avoid explosive conflicts with other persons" (131). Thus, wisdom is intertwined with the idea of survival through the consistent and thoughtful evocation of landscape and language.
Keith Basso and the Western Apaches of Cibecue have provided readers with an insightful and provocative account of the connection between language, land, and a people's cultural history. Wisdom Sits in Places opens the door for future research on place-names by shedding light on a previously overshadowed topic in anthropological studies. Basso's dissection of certain stories and social interactions can be overwhelming and a bit dry, but his purpose is made clear when his examinations are added together with the Apache narratives. What results is a clear picture of what language and landscape mean to the Western Apaches, the functional versatility of place-names, and the importance of being aware of one's sense of place.

Places and Stories.......2004-01-26

Basso's writing is extraordinary. This great book consists of engaging articles that merge linguistics with cultural anthropology in an approach called the "ethnography of speaking." Placing this jargon aside, the approach is to demonstrate how Apaches use names, stories, and other ways of speaking to create and maintain their culture. Basso's work provides deep insight into Apache life, and it also serves as a model for ways to understand how language plays an important role in everyday life.

Feminist Geographies: Explorations in Diversity and Difference

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Teaching Feminist Geographies

Feminist Geographies: Explorations in Diversity and Difference
Women and Geography Study Group of the Royal Geographical Society , and Institute of British Geographers
Manufacturer: Prentice Hall
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Textbook Binding

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Teaching Feminist Geographies.......1999-11-23

This book is intended to be a teaching text "which does justice to the breadth, diversity, intellectual vibrancy, debate and difference currently to be found in feminist geography." To encourage readers to do more than passively absorb information, the authors insert questions and activities at the end of most sections, asking the reader to stop and reflect and question, in short, to do something for a bit. In addition there are boxes, similar to sidebars, position to identify key concepts and highlight particular information. Finally, autobiographical testimonies are smattered throughout the book, in line with the feminist goal of situating the author in relation to her work. The book is committed to the premise that a focus on gender relations "greatly improves geographical analyses. It also attempts to make clear that feminist geography is so diverse it would be incorrect for any one book to claim to fully encompass the field. Gender itself is defined variously, depending on the context within which it is situated, its definers, and mitigating factors such as race and class. What the book intends to offer is the notion that because feminist geographies are so diverse, we must all of us keep thinking and adding our contributions, without which geography simply ceases to be, literally speaking, geography. At first glance, Feminist Geographies seems an attempt to add to and draw attention to gender and geography, an effort it performs both subtly and brilliantly. However, both by virtue of the way the book is structured and its incessant command that we should think just a little harder/broader/more creatively than we thought before, its net result is as transformative as it is additive. For instance, although the book takes up the same argument against the public/private dichotomy as other feminist geography texts, it also suggests greater movement yet: "Given the embeddedness of dichotomies like that between home and work...it is perhaps not surprising that feminist geographers have paid them so much attention. This attention has certainly been one of feminist geography's main contributions to feminism more generally. However, we would like to...suggest that perhaps feminist geography needs to push its diverse interests in the complexity of gendered geographies even further. Thus perhaps feminist geographies need to consider starting with non-dichotomous frameworks of analysis. What is needed then...is a non-dichotomous way of thinking about space and place." Clearly, such a move would transform the fields of both geography and urban studies. As the title indicates, the authors are committed to inclusion of difference and diversity--to this end they continually ask the reader to explore her own perceptions and conceptions about various discussed subjects, and remind us of the contested nature of and diversities within feminism, particularly feminist geography. The book itself includes a wide range of feminism, feminists, and brief reviews of feminist texts both in and out of geography. Chapter three includes a brief section on postcolonial feminist theory, "a large body of work which explores the interrelationships between identity, knowledge and power," especially as situated within the historical and geographical context of the colonialization of the Third World from the 16th century onwards. Although much to short for my tastes, it was a relief to read an urban studies text that contextualized itself within a geography that includes rather than peripheralizes/otherizes the Third World. The inclusion of diverse theories is important both because they offer an important and alternate perspective on existing geographies, but also because much of the newer poststructuralist theorizing going on within feminism is built on the back of this work to include a postcolonialist perspective. (I was sorry, however, that one of the earliest of these theorists, Gloria Anzaldua, was not given credit for her pioneering work on borderlands, work that in great part led us to this point.)

Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perceptions, Attitudes, and Values

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The seeds of Tuan's "humanistic geography"

Topophilia: A Study of Environmental Perceptions, Attitudes, and Values
Yi-Fu Tuan
Manufacturer: Columbia University Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 023107395X

Book Description

What are the links between environment and world view? Topophilia, the affective bond between people and place, is the primary theme of this book that examines environmental perceptions and values at different levels: the species, the group, and the individual.

Yi-Fu Tuan holds culture and environment and topophilia and environment as distinct in order to show how they mutually contribute to the formation of values. Topophilia examines the search for environment in the city, suburb, countryside, and wilderness from a dialectical perspective, distinguishes different types of environmental experience, and describes their character.

Customer Reviews:

The seeds of Tuan's "humanistic geography".......2006-02-14

After reading Yi-Fu Tuan's "Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience," delving into "Topophilia" is a bit like stepping backward in the philosopher's evolution of thought. There are astounding passages of wisdom here, about the nature of human experience as it relates to the environment -- interspersed, sometimes jarringly, with related histories and descriptions. The seeds of Tuan's "humanistic geography" are here, but are not as philosophically compelling as the mature synthesis found in "Space and Place."

It would be a mistake, however, to view Tuan's more mature work as superceding this volume. "Topophilia" is full of amazing sensitivity and insight, and key to gaining a deep and useful understanding of the author's philosophy. This book's emphasis on the conventional 'environment' is also significantly different from the broader notions 'space and place' explored in the later work of that name. Both works are seminal.

To the philosopher, artist, and psychologist, I would recommend reading "Space and Place" before this book. To the geographer and especially the environmentalist, however, Topophilia's particular focus may be a more enticing place to start.

Geographic Information Systems and Environmental Modeling

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Geographic Information Systems and Environmental Modeling
Keith C. Clarke , Brad O. Parks , Michael P. Crane , and Brad E. Parks
Manufacturer: Prentice Hall
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Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0130408174

Book Description

This book provides readers with the most comprehensive and authoritative treatment of the topic available. Topics covered include modeling frameworks, paradigms and approaches; model development, calibration and validation; dynamic systems modeling and four-dimensional GIS; and more. Includes case studies in GIS/EM. This book is intended for readers interested in advanced Geographic Information Systems, Spatial Data Processing, or Environmental Modeling.

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Oaks of Asia
Yu. L. Menitsky , Iu. L. Menitskii , and Andrei Aleksandrovich Fedorov
Manufacturer: Science Publishers
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ASIN: 1578082293

The Lure of the Local: Senses of Place in a Multicentered Society

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Not Just for Writers!
Great resource for interdisciplinary artists
boring
Childhood Photos In My Mind Are In This Book...Yea!!!!!

The Lure of the Local: Senses of Place in a Multicentered Society
Lucy R. Lippard
Manufacturer: New Press
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Binding: Hardcover

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ASIN: 1565842472

Book Description

In The Lure of the Local, Lucy R. Lippard, one of America's most influential art writers, weaves together cultural studies, history, geography, and contemporary art to provide a fascinating exploration of our multiple senses of place. Expanding her reach far beyond the confines of the art world, she discusses community, land use, perceptions of nature, how we produce the landscape, and how the landscape affects our lives. In this extensively illustrated, beautifully produced volume, she consistently makes unexpected connections between contemporary art and its political, social, and cultural contexts.

Customer Reviews:

Not Just for Writers!.......2003-09-08

I picked this bad boy up at the museumstore at SF Moma. It is a handsome, weighty book, with a beautiful, interesting cover. The book made a good impression on me.

My wife and I decided to buy this book because we have been interested in the theme of "landscape as witness". This is a concept we read about in Nancy Spector's accompanying essay in the Cremaster Cycle Guggeinheim museum catalog. Basically, the idea as it is expressed in Barney interpreted by Spector is that the landscape is a character in the narrative created by art.

As a brief survey of Amazon.com will reveal, Lippard is a well regarded writer on art. Honestly, I'd never heard of her before. This could have something to do with me not being intimately familiar with the New York City art scene or otherwise involved with the art world except as an occasional museum goer. Art is sort of at the periphery of my set of interests.

None the less, I found this a comprehensive, at times brilliant, survey of both artistic theories about the concept of place as well as a thorough documentation of the specific expressions of these theories in art work. Lippard's scope of reading and breadth of knowledge about art all over the United States (this book is entirely about the U.S.) is nothing short of stunning.

The actual form of the book is a little difficult to explain, The book has a five part structure, each part with a title: Around Here, Manipulating Memory, Down to Earth: Land Use, The Last Frontiers: City and Suburbs and Looking Around. Each of these parts contains sub-chapters that are titled with various aspects of the five parts. Lippard's style is basically to situate each chapter with a brief survey of what other writers have said about the "subject", followed by a description of different acts of arts intermingled with commentary. Each of the pages also contains images with substantive critical passages. Along the top of each page, there is a running essay about the author's experiences growing up in Maine.

I found her work to be fairly comprehensive: Although she has end notes and a thorough bibliography, I found myself doubting that any of them so totally nailed the relationship between art and the concept of place.

If the author or her representatives are reading this, I would recommend updating this book in another couple of years.

Lippard is a self-declared liberal. Although I did not always agree with her analysis, I admired the manner in which she was able to outline her bias in a non-intrusive way. She could be more forceful with her arguments. I don't think anybody could begrudge her opinions.

Great resource for interdisciplinary artists.......2002-03-25

If you are a person who cares about places, an artist who is looking for ideas on how to incorporate a place-based ethic in your work, a nomad who longs for a greater sense of rootedness, or an environmentalist who wants to explore new ways to communicate, this is the book for you. The depth and breadth of Lucy Lippard's experience of America is impressive. She has lived in Maine, New York City, and New Mexico, and has collected stories of artists who are reflecting on their relationship to the place they live from around the country. The book is incredibly diverse, looking at the issues of homelessness, the changing face of the American West, the unique personalities of suburbs, rural areas, and big cities (to name just a few topics) through the lens of geography and art.

The book is well written, although it might seem challenging to some. Expect a left-of-center view from a respected and extremely knowledgeable critic and observer of American life.

boring.......2000-05-30

this was a horrible book. i dont recommend it to anyone. read only if you dare!

Childhood Photos In My Mind Are In This Book...Yea!!!!!.......1997-11-28

My Childhood home in Georgetown Maine is in this book. I have had many dreams at night of this beautiful place. My Maine roots go back to the 1600s. I am looking forward to owning this book, to pass down to my childrens children. I live in Oklahoma. I will always prefer Lighthouses over oil wells, lobster boats over bass boats,etc.

The Pathless Way: John Muir and American Wilderness

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The Pathless Way: John Muir and American Wilderness
Michael P. Cohen
Manufacturer: University of Wisconsin Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0299097242

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The Grand Summation of the 20th Century's Greatest Ecologist

Geographical Ecology
Robert H. MacArthur
Manufacturer: Princeton University Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0691023824

Book Description

First published in 1972 and now available for the first time in paperback, this book is the summation of the life work of one of the most influential scientists of our time. Of permanent interest in the history and philosophy of science, it is also frequently cited in the current ecological literature and is still up-to-date in many categories.

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The Grand Summation of the 20th Century's Greatest Ecologist.......2002-04-22

Robert MacArthur, along with his mentor, G. Evelyn Hutchinson, is regarded by many as the greatest ecologist of the 20th Century. He made significant contributions to our understanding of ecological niches, interspecific competition, and perhaps most importantly, provided a unique means of looking at species diversity as a complex interaction between speciation (or species immigration) and extinction rates, so brilliantly shown in the MacArthur-Wilson theory of equilibrium island biogeography. MacArthur applied originally his graduate training in applied mathematics at Brown University to ecological questions which had interested him since college, while earning his doctorate in biology as a student of Hutchinson's at Yale University. Without question, MacArthur raised the stature of ecology from descriptive natural history to a complex mathematical science keenly interested in the interactions, abundance and distribution of animals and plants. His seminal research still casts a long shadow on modern ecology, nearly thirty years after his untimely death from cancer in 1972.

Although written as an advanced text for undergraduate and graduate ecology students, "Geographical Ecology" is best understood as the eloquent final testament in which MacArthur described those aspects of ecology - competition, the structure and organization of animal communities and species diversity - which had defined his research since his tenure as Hutchinson's student. MacArthur opens the book with an introduction to physical aspects of the environment, which is soon followed by an excellent chapter on competition. Most of the text is devoted to discussing the theory of equilibrium island biogeography and its ramifications for analyzing species diversity, including extensive overviews of species distributions and patterns of species diversity. He also succinctly ties in competition with equilibrium theory. At the end of many chapters he includes appendices in which he discusses much of the mathematical reasoning behind these ecological concepts; however one need not know either calculus nor linear algebra to appreciate MacArthur's eloquent discussion of these subjects. At the very end, he describes the importance of history in determining biogeographic patterns with respect to long-term ecological and geologic time scales (Regrettably, this is an issue which many ecologists have ignored until quite recently; one notable exception is MacArthur's former doctoral student, Michael Rosenzweig, himself a distinguished ecologist.).

Book Description

Contemporary critical studies have recently experienced a significant spatial turn. In what may eventually be seen as one of the most important intellectual and political developments in the late twentieth century, scholars have begun to interpret space and the embracing spatiality of human life with the same critical insight and emphasis that has traditionally been given to time and history on the one hand, and social relations and society on the other. Thirdspace is both an enquiry into the origins and impact of the spatial turn and an attempt to expand the scope and practical relevance of how we think about space and such related concepts as place, location, landscape, architecture, environment, home, city, region, territory, and geography.The book's central argument is that spatial thinking, or what has been called the geographical or spatial imagination, has tended to be bicameral, or confined to two approaches. Spatiality is either seen as concrete material forms to be mapped, analyzed, and explained; or as mental constructs, ideas about and representations of space and its social significance. Edward Soja critically re-evaluates this dualism to create an alternative approach, one that comprehends both the material and mental dimensions of spatiality but also extends beyond them to new and different modes of spatial thinking.Thirdspace is composed as a sequence of intellectual and empirical journeys, beginning with a spatial biography of Henri Lefebvre and his adventurous conceptualization of social space as simultaneously perceived, conceived, and lived. The author draws on Lefebvre to describe a trialectics of spatiality that threads though all subsequent journeys, reappearing in many new forms in bell hooks evocative exploration of the margins as a space of radical openness; in post-modern spatial feminist interpretations of the interplay of race, class, and gender; in the postcolonial critique and the new cultural politics of difference and identity; in Michel Foucault's heterotopologies and trialectics of space, knowledge, and power; and in interpretative tours of the Citadel of downtown Los Angeles, the Exopolis of Orange County, and the Centrum of Amsterdam.

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Applied Lefebvre.......2001-08-07

This book is not a bad book. It is an overly unoriginal one. An understanding of Henri Lefebvre's work on space (particularly _The Production of Space_) is required to understand what Soja is saying. Yet, if you have read Lefebvre, you probably do not need to read this book. About 1/3 of _Thirdspace_ consists of quotes from Lefebvre with a few conclusionary remarks made by Soja.

Soja's pastiche of Lefebvre quotes claims to explain two trialectical relationships. The first is the trialectics of being (p. 71), consisting of historicality, sociality, and spatiality. The second is the trialectics of spatiality (p. 74): perceived, conceived, and lived. Thank goodness for the helpful diagrams on these pages. They are the only parts of the theory sections that aren't based on long quotes from Lefebvre, White, Foucault, hooks, and any other person that Soja has read in the last 20 years. If you need original arguments about how space is performed, constructed, and lived, read one Soja's sources (especially "Production_).

The original arguments come when Soja leaves the realm of theory construction and turns to application. His reading of space and place in postmodern Los Angeles makes an important leap in spatial theory... it applies theory to something people can understand. If you have visited a large city, Soja's reading of L.A. will make sense, and make Lefebvre clearer. This is the most useful function of _Thirdspace_.

Book Description

Focusing on the tree species Nothofagus, or southern beech, ecologists and biogeographers here provide a comprehensive examination of the distribution, history, and ecology of this species that predominates in forests from highland New Guinea at the equator to the subantarctic latitudes of Tierra del Fuego. The Nothofagus genus offers a fascinating key to understanding historical plant geography and modern vegetation patterns.

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