King Of Fish: The Thousand-Year Run Of Salmon
Average customer rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars
  • Say Goodbye to Salmon
  • Capitalism can't protect the Salmon
  • How to Save Salmon - Lessons from History
King Of Fish: The Thousand-Year Run Of Salmon
David R. Montgomery
Manufacturer: Westview Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 0813342996
Release Date: 2004-12-28

Book Description

A passionate recounting of the natural history of the rise and fall of salmon in England, New England, and the Pacific Northwest-with recommendations for bringing the salmon back.

The salmon that symbolize the Pacific Northwest's natural splendor are now threatened with extinction across much of their ancestral range. In studying the natural and human forces that shape the rivers and mountains of that region, geologist David Montgomery has learned to see the evolution and near-extinction of the salmon as a story of changing landscapes. Montgomery shows how a succession of historical experiences -first in the United Kingdom, then in New England, and now in the Pacific Northwest -repeat a disheartening story in which overfishing and sweeping changes to rivers and seas render the world inhospitable to salmon. In King of Fish, Montgomery traces the human impacts on salmon over the last thousand years and examines the implications both for salmon recovery efforts and for the more general problem of human impacts on the natural world. What does it say for the long-term prospects of the world's many endangered species if one of the most prosperous regions of the richest country on earth cannot accommodate its icon species? All too aware of the possible bleak outcome for the salmon, King of Fish concludes with provocative recommendations for reinventing the ways in which we make environmental decisions about land, water, and fish.

Customer Reviews:

4 out of 5 stars Say Goodbye to Salmon.......2005-09-13

I read this book with great interest and I am saddened by what I learned. I was raised in a town on the Columbia River and as a young fisherman, heard stories of large historic Salmon runs described in near myth-like terms. Back then I was taught to blame the tribes, gill netters and other commercial fisherman for the diminished runs. If only the problem were that simple. As Montgomery clearly describes, through an interesting comparative analsis, Salmon runs have historically been driven into extinction, first in Europe, then England, then New England, and now the Pacific Northwest in more or less the same fashion. As the areas around native salmon waters became populated and developed, our society has made certain choices, economic v. environmental, which not surpisingly have nearly always favored the economic. As a result, salmon runs were decimated by the construction of dams, overfishing, pollution, misguided hatchery programs, the clearing and diking of streams, destruction of wetlands, logging practices, and simply by population growth and development, which Montgomery describes as a death by a thousand cuts. Presently, salmon runs in the Pacific Northwest are at just 6-7% of their historical numbers. As the region's population is expected to double within this generation, conditions will likely only get worse. While Montgomery identifies steps than can be taken to revive these runs, it seems doubtful there is enough public sentiment or political will to effect these changes. If anything, this books is a sad commentary on our society's ability to manage its resources. Salmon, which are a symbol of the great Pacific Northwest, will soon be gone for good.

5 out of 5 stars Capitalism can't protect the Salmon.......2004-05-22

Dr. Montgomery shows that if the toxic and human waste poured into the rivers of the industrial revolution did not poison Salmon, the incipient capitalist institution of commercial fishing would swallow most of them.. Montgomery quotes records from the holder of fishing rights on a specific part of the Thames river. The records of this particular holder shows he caught 66 salmon in 1801, 18 in 1812 and only 2 in 1821....by the 1960's, the annual salmon catch of England and Wales was a quarter of that a century earlier. He quotes an account of MP Robert Wallace about parliament blocking effective salmon protection laws at the behest of the commercial fishing industry, dam operators, etc.

He quotes accounts from the early 19th century including from Henry David Thoreau about the severe depletion of salmon stocks in Northeast U.S. rivers caused by the disruption of salmon spawning beds by the transportion of boats and logs down the river, dams, factory poisons and so on.

Salmon stocks continued to decline to near extinction in Eastern U.S. waters. The Danish government agreed to ban its fisherman from engaging in their highly destructive open ocean fishing off the coast of Greenland, where salmon from Britain, the U.S, and Canada often converge for their sojourns in the Ocean, in 1972. However Danes continued to fish heavily near the Greenland shore, and used vessels under other nation's flags to circumvent their salmon catch quota under the 1972 agreement.

Montgomery shows how salmon have been sacrificed since the Great Depression in favor of the dams which have provided water and electricity in the Eastern Pacific Northwest from the Snake and Colombia Rivers. In 1937, U.S. fisheries commissioner Franklin Bell let it be known that he wasn't going to strain himself too much on behalf of the Salmon. "Aside from blind restriction" of commercial fishing, he explained, "the protection of individual runs menaced by virtual extinction must be left to chance."

Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest thrived on salmon for subsistence, and to preserve the run, would commonly allow half of the run to pass through its nets. But with the coming of commercial fishing dominated by whites, Indian livelihood was wiped out. They could not compete in commercial fishing, lacking the wealth to purchase the sophisticated boats and nets increasingly becoming common. Indians became a racist scapegoat for the depletion of salmon stocks. He notes He notes though that state records that the entire Indian fishing catch from 1935 to 1950 was less than the total commercial catch during a typical year.

Washington State had always claimed that on traditional Indian fishing grounds based on treaties made regarding Colombian basin rivers in the 1850's, Indians merely had the same rights as whites to exploit salmon. But in 1970, federal district court judge George Boldt ruled that the treaties actually reserved for Indians half of the annual salmon supply. In 1975, the Supreme Court upheld Boldt's decision. In 1980, Federal Judge William Orrick declared that under the old treaties, maintaining decent habitat for salmon spawning fell to Washington state. Shortly thereafter a three-judge panel of the 9th circuit overturned the decision. The issue of maintaining the habitat has not been resolved. He points out that native Americans have not been given "special rights" in fishing, as white fisherman and the demagogues inflaming them have claimed but the treaties, signed as they were under pressure, were grants by the Indians to the White man on the Indian's land. Not grants by the white man to the Indian.

, Hatcheries were promoted as the catchall solution to salmon shortages. Huge investments were made in this new technology by Washington and Oregon governments beginning the late 19th century. However, writes Montgomery, in the long term, hatcheries have clearly failed. Salmon cannot simply adapt to any stream or river. They seem genetically programmed to operate in limited regions. Hatcheries salmon are selected from a very limited gene pool i.e. lack of genetic diversity and can produce defective offspring with their wild brethren. The hatchery salmon are found to be much more aggressive than their wild counterparts in eating up the food supply, thus making the wild ones lose out in the survival of the fittest. In particular hatchery fish, can introduce deadly diseases to their wild brethren. In the mid-70's a parasite from hatchery fish wiped out restored wild salmon stocks in Norwegian rivers.
By the early 1990's, while the Colombia river held an estimated 11 to 16 million salmon before the arrival of Europeans, by then it had dwindled to around 2 million wild fish. Yet the number of hatchery fish in the river was estimated at the time to be around a hundred million.

Likewise, on the East coast, salmon produced in "farms" i.e. maintained in cages at sea, sometimes accounted for the majority of spawning salmon in a river. An estimate of the National Research Council declares that 180,000 fish a year escape from their farms in Maine. They spread disease to wild salmon and mate with them, creating large numbers of genetically limited salmon. According to Montgomery, those 180,000 fish are ten times the number of wild salmon left in New England. In Europe, he notes, the amount of farm salmon being produced was 100 times the catch of wild salmon.

He advocates strictly enforced moratoriums on fishing, increased preservations of wetlands to allow for the creation of flood produced salmon-friendly side-channels, strictly enforced regulations on placing passageways for salmon in dams, regulations to prevent salmon waterways from being polluted and to make sure that salmon do not end up as carcasses on farmland after being swallowed through irrigation pumps. The economic actors involved continue to block serious efforts to protect the salmon as they always have. He notes how the Bush administration has blocked efforts to address over-fishing.

4 out of 5 stars How to Save Salmon - Lessons from History.......2004-03-20

Montgomery's book is centered on the notion that we are failing to learn from history when it comes to the Pacific salmon crisis. In England, eastern North America, and now the Pacific Northwest, human actions that inevitably destroy the "king of fish" have been repeated. Overfishing, blocking salmon from their spawning habitat, and causing the deterioration of habitat quality through pollution, land clearing, and simplification of the river are the culprits. Montgomery also tells why hatcheries are not the solution and never have been. He closes with a clear and, to me, indisputable analysis of what we must do to preserve and recover this most amazing of creatures. The book is quite accessible to a layperson; you don't need a scientific background, or even any knowledge of the problems facing Pacific salmon, in order to enjoy and learn from the book.
Countryside Conservation: Land Fcology, Planning and Management
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    Countryside Conservation: Land Fcology, Planning and Management
    Bryn Green
    Manufacturer: Taylor & Francis
    ProductGroup: Book
    Binding: Paperback

    GeneralGeneral | Architecture | Professional & Technical | Subjects | Books
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    ASIN: 0419218807

    Book Description

    This third edition of the standard text Countryside Conservation charts and evaluates those changes which represent a fundamental revolution in the ways in which the countryside is planned and managed. It sets out the principles, policies and practice which underlie the ecology, planning and management of the new countryside, discussing ways in which countryside conservation objectives are evolving and how they can best be achieved.

    The Light-Green Society: Ecology and Technological Modernity in France, 1960-2000
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      The Light-Green Society: Ecology and Technological Modernity in France, 1960-2000
      Michael Bess
      Manufacturer: University Of Chicago Press
      ProductGroup: Book
      Binding: Paperback

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      ASIN: 0226044181

      Book Description

      The accelerating interpenetration of nature and culture is the hallmark of the new "light-green" social order that has emerged in postwar France, argues Michael Bess in this penetrating new history. On one hand, a preoccupation with natural qualities and equilibrium has increasingly infused France's economic and cultural life. On the other, human activities have laid an ever more potent and pervasive touch on the environment, whether through the intrusion of agriculture, industry, and urban growth, or through the much subtler and more well-intentioned efforts of ecological management.

      The Light-Green Society limns sharply these trends over the last fifty years. The rise of environmentalism in the 1960s stemmed from a fervent desire to "save" wild nature-nature conceived as a qualitatively distinct domain, wholly separate from human designs and endeavors. And yet, Bess shows, after forty years of environmentalist agitation, much of it remarkably successful in achieving its aims, the old conception of nature as a "separate sphere" has become largely untenable. In the light-green society, where ecology and technological modernity continually flow together, a new hybrid vision of intermingled nature-culture has increasingly taken its place.
      Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1,000 Years of Change in New England
      Average customer rating: 5 out of 5 stars
      • Mmmm...
      Forests in Time: The Environmental Consequences of 1,000 Years of Change in New England

      Manufacturer: Yale University Press
      ProductGroup: Book
      Binding: Paperback

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      ASIN: 0300115377

      Book Description

      This seminal book, based on innovative research at Harvard Forest, describes the dramatic natural and human-induced changes in the land and environment of New England over the past 1,000 years.
      “An important and timely addition to a growing literature that documents change and, by implication, underlines our responsibilities to that thing out there that we call ‘nature.’”—Michael Williams, Science
      “A must-read for anyone interested in the study of historical forest ecology and anthropogenic impacts on ecosystem dynamics.”—Marc D. Abrams, BioScience

      Customer Reviews:

      5 out of 5 stars Mmmm..........2007-01-19

      This book got here with a speed comprable to the starship enterprise entering warp speed. You know with the blurry stars.
      The Rhine: An Eco-biography, 18152000 (Weyerhaeuser Environmental Books)
      Average customer rating: 4 out of 5 stars
      • The Life and Times of the Rhine
      The Rhine: An Eco-biography, 18152000 (Weyerhaeuser Environmental Books)
      Mark Cioc
      Manufacturer: University of Washington Press
      ProductGroup: Book
      Binding: Paperback

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      ASIN: 0295985003

      Book Description

      The Rhine River is Europe's most important commercial waterway, channeling the flow of trade among Switzerland, France, Germany, and the Netherlands. In this innovative study, Mark Cioc focuses on the river from the moment when the Congress of Vienna established a multinational commission charged with making the river more efficient for purposes of trade and commerce in 1815. He examines the engineering and administrative decisions of the next century and a half that resulted in rapid industrial growth as well as profound environmental degradation, and highlights the partially successful restoration efforts undertaken from the 1970s to the present.

      The Rhine is a classic example of a "multipurpose" river -- used simultaneously for transportation, for industry and agriculture, for urban drinking and sanitation needs, for hydroelectric production, and for recreation. It thus invites comparison with similarly over-burdened rivers such as the Mississippi, Hudson, Colorado, and Columbia. The Rhine's environmental problems are, however, even greater than those of other rivers because it is so densely populated (50 million people live along its borders), so highly industrialized (10% of global chemical production), and so short (775 miles in length).

      Two centuries of nonstop hydraulic tinkering have resulted in a Rhine with a sleek and slender profile. In their quest for a perfect canal-like river, engineers have modified it more than any other large river in the world. As a consequence, between 1815 and 1975, the river lost most of its natural floodplain, riverside vegetation, migratory fish, and biodiversity. Recent efforts to restore that biodiversity, though heartening, can have only limited success because so many of the structural changes to the river are irreversible.

      The Rhine: An Eco-Biography, 1815-2000 makes clear just how central the river has been to all aspects of European political, economic, and environmental life for the past two hundred years.

      Customer Reviews:

      4 out of 5 stars The Life and Times of the Rhine.......2006-03-26

      Marc Cioc's book The Rhine: An Eco-Biography is a detailed case study of the impact of human engineering on arguably the most important river on the European continent. It is a history of both the Rhine and of the Rhine Commission, the international body created in 1815 to oversee the river and mold it into what amounts to a commercial canal. Utilizing a variety of scientific sources as well as historical accounts of the various agencies that had control over the Rhine, Cioc reveals that human changes to the river that took into account only the immediate, commercial impacts of their actions severely damaged its biodiversity and vitality. However, he argues, recent efforts to compensate for earlier destruction of the river's ecosystem are achieving moderate success.

      In his book, Cioc traces the history of efforts in the past two centuries to control the Rhine and make it more useful for human commercial and industrial ventures. The nineteenth and twentieth centuries, he argues, were a time of great ecological change for the river, the most dramatic since the Ice Age. The Rhine was seen as a "multipurpose" waterway, using by the various countries through which it flows for a variety of purposes, from urban sanitation and transportation to industrial production and power generation. Under the guiding hand of various commissions and communes, river engineers took on the Rhine and tried to shape it into a more commercially useful river. Just as John F. Richards argues in his book The Unending Frontier, European colonizers were awed into wastefulness by the abundance of natural resources they found, most politicians, business people, and scientists believed for decades that the Rhine was simply too vast to ever be harmed by waste or overuse. Seeing the river as an "imperfect canal," countries and companies attempted to straighten the river, standardize its flow, and eliminate its floodplains.

      All of these efforts to tame and harness the Rhine had incredibly deleterious effects on the rivers' diverse ecosystems. Cioc argues that these attempts to simplify the river into a commercially useful tool effectively destroyed the diversity of habitats, flora and fauna that once populated its banks and waters; this is not unlike William Cronon's argument that European colonizers simplified and thus de-diversified the natural environments of New England (Changes in the Land). The coal and chemical industries, particularly in Germany, polluted many tributaries to the point of biodeath, as did the use of the waters as an urban sewer and waste product repository. Efforts to reshape the river eliminated floodplains and other important natural habitats like islands, which not only eliminated a great deal of animal and plant life but also increased the risk of flooding in many areas. As Cioc reveals, those who failed to see the Rhine as a natural system and instead perceived it as a machine were responsible for creating long-term environmental damage in exchange for short-term political and financial gains.

      Cioc's book is sometimes difficult for a reader without any scientific training; his close examination of the river's biological profile is thorough, but often challenging to follow. The non-chronological organization of many of the historically-focused chapters also makes it hard to keep track of the historical context in which changes to the river were made. And Cioc's rather gloomy tone often makes humans out to be the evil destroyers of nature - although it's possible that this feeling was unavoidable on his part after discovering the wholly negative effects of industrial use on the Rhine. But Cioc ends on a more hopeful note; his cautious optimism about current Rhine restoration projects is certainly heartening, and shows that humans can actually encourage biodiversity as well as eliminate it. In general, the book is a comprehensive and fascinating account of a very important world river.
      Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment (The Natural and Built Environment Series)
      Average customer rating: 5 out of 5 stars
      • A WORLDWIDE HELPFUL BOOK
      Methods of Environmental Impact Assessment (The Natural and Built Environment Series)
      Peter Morris
      Manufacturer: Spon Press
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      Binding: Paperback

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      ASIN: 0415239591

      Book Description

      A practical, up-to-date explanation and guide to how EIAs are, and should be, carried out for specific environmental components (e.g. air, water, ecological systems, and socio-economic systems). For each component, it includes a discussion of relevant regulations and standards, how baseline surveys are conducted, how impact predictions are made, what mitigation measures can be used, how the effectiveness of such measures should be monitored, and the limitations of the methods. This new edition has a new second part, consisting of chapters on "cross-cutting" methods that can be applied to, and can often facilitate integration between, many of the environmental components discussed in the first part.

      Customer Reviews:

      5 out of 5 stars A WORLDWIDE HELPFUL BOOK.......2005-10-23

      Methods of environmental impact assessmemnt is a comprehensive and panoramic view of how to evaluate the most fundamental variables of the envronment. This in turn is vey helpful for the practiotioner to get acquianted with the variables which a project could have impactas on as well as the different methods of assesing those impacts.
      In its two parts which total seventeeth chapters the editor lets the student and the practitioner drink form the knowledge and experience of over thrity authors who know well what they are saying.
      This book is a tool that is helping and will continue to help technicians and scientists of the environment worldwide.
      This book is really a good library which should be studied by those who are looking for academic rigor as well as practical insight.
      IDEAS & CAREERS OF  SIMON
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        IDEAS & CAREERS OF SIMON
        Darline Gay Levy
        Manufacturer: University of Illinois Press
        ProductGroup: Book
        Binding: Hardcover

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        ASIN: 025200311X
        The Song of the Earth
        Average customer rating: 5 out of 5 stars
        • The Song of the Earth
        • 'ecocriticism' comes of age
        The Song of the Earth
        Jonathan Bate
        Manufacturer: Harvard University Press
        ProductGroup: Book
        Binding: Hardcover

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        ASIN: 0674001680

        Book Description

        As we enter a new millennium ruled by technology, will poetry still matter? The Song of the Earth answers eloquently in the affirmative. A book about our growing alienation from nature, it is also a brilliant meditation on the capacity of the writer to bring us back to earth, our home.

        In the first ecological reading of English literature, Jonathan Bate traces the distinctions among "nature," "culture," and "environment" and shows how their meanings have changed since their appearance in the literature of the eighteenth century. An intricate interweaving of climatic, topographical, and political elements poetically deployed, his book ranges from greenhouses in Jane Austen's novels to fruit bats in the poetry of Les Murray, by way of Thomas Hardy's woodlands, Dr. Frankenstein's Creature, John Clare's birds' nests, Wordsworth's rivers, Byron's bear, and an early nineteenth-century novel about an orangutan who stands for Parliament. Though grounded in the English Romantic tradition, the book also explores American, Central European, and Caribbean poets and engages theoretically with Rousseau, Adorno, Bachelard, and especially Heidegger.

        The model for an innovative and sophisticated new "ecopoetics," The Song of the Earth is at once an essential history of environmental consciousness and an impassioned argument for the necessity of literature in a time of ecological crisis.

        Customer Reviews:

        5 out of 5 stars The Song of the Earth.......2007-06-08

        This is probably the best book I've read all year. As an English teacher, I appreciate Bate's literary sensibility, and as a citizen of the earth, I value his insights into our environment. I have recommended this book to every intelligent person I know.

        5 out of 5 stars 'ecocriticism' comes of age.......2001-02-06

        Jonathan Bate's short book, 'Romantic Ecology'(1991) was a landmark in literary ecocriticism. In 'The Song of the Earth' Bate has developed his theme further and in doing so has produced an instant classic.

        The purpose of the book is to show how poetry is not only relevant but necessary in an age of increasing environmental unease. It is a manifesto for the urgency of 'ecopoetics'. Bate writes: 'This is a book about why poetry continues to matter as we enter a new millennium that will be ruled by technology. It is a book about modern western man's alienation from nature. It is about the capacity of the writer to restore us to the earth which is our home' (vii)

        Chapters are as follows: 1. Going, Going 2. The State of Nature 3. A Voice for Ariel 4. Major Weather 5. The Picturesque Environment 6. Nests, Shell, Landmarks 7. Poets, Apes and Other Animals 8. The Place of Poetry 9. What are Poets For?

        My favourite chapter is 'Major Weather' which, in some quite startling and original ways, charts the influence of climate on writing . The centre piece of the chapter is a reading of Keat's 'Ode to Autumn' as a 'weather poem', resembling 'a well-regulated ecosystem'. For Bate, the ode 'is not an escapist fantasy which turns its back on the ruptures of Regency culture, as late twentieth century criticism tended to suggest. No: it is a meditation on how human culture can only function through links and reciprocal relations with nature.'(103-4). I learned 'Ode to Autumn' as a schoolchild, and it has always stayed with me. Now I see eloquently expressed the reasons for its significance to me.

        Bate has set himself a difficult but worthy task, to argue for poetry as 'the place where we save the earth', that if culture is the cause of environmental destruction it can also be its remedy. This, then, is a book that should be read by everyone with an interest in literature, by everyone with an interest in the continuation of life on the planet.
        The Environment of Britain in the First Millennium AD
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          The Environment of Britain in the First Millennium AD
          Petra Dark
          Manufacturer: Duckworth Publishing
          ProductGroup: Book
          Binding: Paperback

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          ASIN: 0715629093

          Product Description

          This study of the relationship between human activity and environmental change from the Iron Age to the end of the Anglo-Saxon period brings together the results of the latest research in many fields to reconstruct changes in climate, sea level, soils and vegetation. The consequences of the major cultural changes of the first millennium are examined, including the Roman Conquest, the end of Roman Britain, and the Anglo-Saxon settlement, revealing the different ways in which human activity modified the environment. Copiously illustrated with photographs, maps and line drawings, the book will be of particular relevance to anyone with an interest in archaeology, history, geography, palaeoecology, botany, or environmental science. Preface List of figures 1. Reconstructing enviroments of the first millennium AD 2. Climate and sea level in the first millennium AD 3. The Iron Age context 4. The Roman period 5. The end of Roman Britain and the Anglo-Saxon period to AD800 6. Late Anglo-Saxon England and the Viking Age 7. Discussion References Index
          Habitat Creation and Repair
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            Habitat Creation and Repair
            Oliver L. Gilbert , and Penny Anderson
            Manufacturer: Oxford University Press, USA
            ProductGroup: Book
            Binding: Paperback

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            1. The Once and Future Forest: A Guide To Forest Restoration Strategies The Once and Future Forest: A Guide To Forest Restoration Strategies

            ASIN: 0198549660

            Book Description

            With increasing public awareness of environmental issues, landscape managers and developers are being required to creatic substantial areas of naturalistic planting, particularly in urban areas, and to restore habitats degraded by building, development, or overuse. This book provides the definitive guide to habitat creation and repair, ranging from ethics, theory, and principles to the practical detail of designing habitats for wildlife. The authors, who have been working and teaching in the field for many years, draw on a wealth of practical experience - as well as an in-depth knowledge of the existing widely scattered literature - to provide an authoritative and accessible account of this rapidly developing subject. From coastal and freshwater ecosystems to mountains, forest, and grasslands, the book spans all of the major types of habitat to be found in the UK. Oliver Gilbert and Penny Anderson give advice on deciding when habitat creation is the correct path to follow, and then cover all steps from site survey through to the final design and actual realization of the scheme. For each habitat, the authors describe the options, problems, and solutions most likely to be encountered, and give examples of good and bad habitat creation in practice drawn from the UK and other countries. Habitat Creation and Repair is the first comprehensive guide to habitat creation to be published for several years. It will be a key text for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate courses in ecology, landscape architecture, resource management, and environmental science.With habitat conservation, creation, and repair increasingly a priority amongst planners, developers, and policy-makers, this book will also be welcomed by professional ecologists, environmental consultants, resource managers, and landscape architects.

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