Book Description
In late 1860 and early 1861, state-appointed commissioners traveled the length and breadth of the slave South carrying a fervent message in pursuit of a clear goal: to persuade the political leadership and the citizenry of the uncommitted slave states to join in the effort to destroy the Union and forge a new Southern nation.
Directly refuting the neo-Confederate contention that slavery was neither the reason for secession nor the catalyst for the resulting onset of hostilities in 1861, Charles B. Dew finds in the commissioners' brutally candid rhetoric a stark white supremacist ideology that proves the contrary. The commissioners included in their speeches a constitutional justification for secession, to be sure, and they pointed to a number of political "outrages" committed by the North in the decades prior to Lincoln's election. But the core of their argument--the reason the right of secession had to be invoked and invoked immediately-- did not turn on matters of constitutional interpretation or political principle. Over and over again, the commissioners returned to the same point: that Lincoln's election signaled an unequivocal commitment on the part of the North to destroy slavery and that emancipation would plunge the South into a racial nightmare.
Dew's discovery and study of the highly illuminating public letters and speeches of these apostles of disunion--often relatively obscure men sent out to convert the unconverted to the secessionist cause--have led him to suggest that the arguments the commissioners presented provide us with the best evidence we have of the motives behind the secession of the lower South in 1860-61.
Addressing topics still hotly debated among historians and the public at large more than a century after the Civil War, Dew challenges many current perceptions of the causes of the conflict. He offers a compelling and clearly substantiated argument that slavery and race were absolutely critical factors in the outbreak of war--indeed, that they were at the heart of our great national crisis.
Customer Reviews:
Much Ado About Nothing.......2007-06-02
This very shallow book pretends to satisfy a need for original sources in the secession debates. The author is so authentic in this antebellum period that he admits it was only recently that he accepted the fact that slavery was an important if not the most important cause of the Civil War. The book offers excerpts and leaves the reader woondering how the editor chose what to include and exclude. There is no easy way to research this subject, and if you take the easy way out with this nearly worthless book, you will get the benefit of your lazy way out.
A persuasive case.......2006-08-20
Dew's book provides irrefutable evidence that the Confederacy was founded not to preserve the U.S. Constitution, or even states' rights, but to preserve slavery. The documents he cites (and reproduces) are letters and speeches from "secession commissioners" sent out from the lower south states (that seceded immediately after Abraham Lincoln was elected president) to other southern states. The commissioners uniformly laid out their single case for secession: preservation of slavery, and, by extension, white supremacy.
While Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens and others made this case loudly at the founding of the Confederacy, their about-faces after the war (when they claimed slavery had been the last thing on their minds) worked to convince many Americans that the Civil War was fought over states' rights.
Dew handles some pretty horrible material calmly and thoroughly, setting the stage for the commissioners, then letting them hang themselves with their own rope. It's a must-read for anyone studying U.S. history.
Apostles of Disunion........2006-03-10
In this remarkably brief work Dew seeks to reexamine the well- trod origins of southern secession in the period of 1860-61. By focusing on the speeches of state-appointed commissioners (Cotton State "apostles" that advocated immediate secession to the Upper South) he finds a potent combination of racism and slavery in their appeals. Because the terms of the commissioners' appeals occurred between slaveowning states, exclusively, the author suggests that their messages would be purer in sentiment and free from appealing to outside sentiments. This, he suggests, will leave would could be called an untainted, "pure strain" of proslavery thought.
Establishing himself in the customary pattern of declaring his own southern qualifications and sympathies, Dew reiterates the familiar context of debates on southern secession and the controversies surrounding Confederate heroes in modern times. Citing only one previous study (from 1931) to use these heretofore untapped sources, the author presents a very convincing, and exciting, promise of their content. Theory versus practice, though, is another matter.
In his examination of a sampling of the fifty-two men whose primary purpose was "to advance the cause of secession wherever they went (p. 23)," Dew finds three familiar themes: fear of racial equality, fear of a racial war of extermination, and fear of racial amalgamation. All three are well-known topics within the field; however, it appears that the author perhaps a bit too much credence to the impact of the "Neoconservative" branch within the historical field itself. His quarrel, it would seem, is with Public History, not with professional scholarship.
For example, while he states that members of the League of the South maintain membership within no less than twenty-seven states and count in its ranks tenured professors at major universities, Dew makes no mention as to which departments they belong to, so we must speculate. The emphasis would be significant in terms of who is writing what. I mean to suggest that in the case of many Neocons, of which I believe Professor Dew to have a quarrel with, the most vocal of the bunch are from the field of economics, not history. While that in and of itself is not enough to warrant a quarrel with his argument, citing nonacademic works such as Tony Horwitz's 'Confederates in the Attic' and the Kennedy Brothers' 'Was Jefferson Davis Right?', etc., is. The point being, his quarrel is with the public's divided stand on the issues at root in Civil War causation.
On another level, no serious scholar could, or would, maintain that the shoddy works of the Kennedys, Thomas DiLorenzo, or Charles Adams (or the like) are anything other than Neo-Confederate propaganda at best; atrociously inaccurate, these works take the crux of their arguments out of their proper context and meaning, falsely creating tensions that did not exist, all for a specific purpose. These works, simply put, are grossly inappropriate falsities.
The work as a whole leaves many questions unanswered. As in the case of Maryland, Kentucky, Delaware, North Carolina, and even Virginia, the secession commissioners ultimately failed there (they were sent specifically to induce immediate secession and offers to join at Montgomery for drafting of a Confederate constitution). What does it say for their contribution? If Virginia was, as the author correctly points out, the key to the slave South's ultimate success, why was such a major portion of its constituents reluctant to secede purely on the grounds that Dew suggests? Dew offers no such answers.
In the end two questions beg to be answered: Who is this book written for; and how is this book not already completely obvious? As to the former, I can only speculate that undergraduates might find some of the questions intriguing, though very much in line with accepted theory. There is simply no new ground covered here. Of minor significance is the inclusion of two primary sources: a pamphlet and a letter written by Commissioners Harris and Hale; of which some portions are, at times, provocative, the overall themes remain largely redundant. One would do better to refer to works by James McPherson, Lacy Ford, Eric Foner, Manisha Sinha, Mills Thornton, etc., for a more scholarly view.
A fine piece of Civil War scholarship.......2005-07-28
Slavery is not THE cause of the Civil War if you ask the average Southern citizen. Rather a combination of states rights and a commitment to defeat Lincoln's Republicans was the common reason why the South seceded from the Union. But what many Southern sympathizers now and then have either forgotten or chose not to embrace are that slavery was at the core of secession.
Students today are taught in class that the final blow to the Confederacy and perhaps the number one cause of the Civil War was Abraham Lincoln's 1860 election to the presidency. Slavery is shown as a side effect or perhaps an overblown or overemphasized cause for Southern independence. What Civil War scholarship is finding out, and much of this has to do with Dew's book, is that slavery was the roots of the Civil War. Take out slavery and this country does not split into two.
Dew's book opens the reader's eyes to the roots of this nation's greatest war. Citing examples from the Southern secession commissioners, who pounded race and slavery in their letters to the various states, Dew shows remarkable evidence that the issue of "states rights" can be defined as the right to own slaves.
In this time period a majority of northern and southern whites saw blacks as inferior to their race. Yes northern whites mostly did not agree with slavery but it was never in question which race was superior. To southerners it was a test of manhood to be the dominant "species" in this country.
Dew's book is indeed a fine addition to any library.
The Truth Will Out.......2004-06-14
Why did the southern states attempt to secede from the Union in 1860-'61?
Confederate apologists constantly insist it was all a question of the Constitution. The Northern states were violating the Southern states rights to do something or another, and the South had no choice except secession in order to preserve 'Constitutional' govt. Union supporters insist that this isn't so. So what really happened?
Prof. Charles Dew cuts right to the heart of things by quoting the arguments made in 1861 by supporters of secession. Seven states passed secession ordinances in 1860 and '61, and four of them sent representatives to other slave states, explaining the reasons why they too should secede.
So what was the Southern cause? Surprise, surprise. It was WHITE SUPREMACY. The South needed to secede before the North amended the Constitution. In the nightmare world of the disunionists, the "Black Republicans," as the South invariably called them, were bent on seeing a South simultaneously: drenched in blood when the slaves rose in revolt; drenched in equality, as whites and blacks lived together withouth a master race; and drenched in miscegnation, as the races became one. Of course, it was logically impossible for all these things to happen at the same time, but logic was not the South's strong point.
Neither was honesty. As Dew makes clear, disunionists started lying about why they'd pushed secession as soon as they lost. Dew notes he was indoctrinated during his Florida youth with the story that "the South had seceded for one reason and one reason only: states' rights;" Dew also quotes contemporary neo-Confederates trying to deny the truth that the South was trying to preserve White Supremacy and Slavery.
Their sucessors keep it up: Art Chance maintains "No serious student of the War of Southern Independence can doubt that slavery and Southern perceptions of Northern fanaticism were the proximate causes of secession." Chance then tries to change the subject to 'why did the North resist Southern Aggression?' (Answer: we were fed up with being pushed around by the South).
'A reader from USA' sets up a fantasy about the Founding Fathers, citing a book titled FORCED FOUNDERS (go look at the reviews; they say the Virginian Founders were motivated by anti-slavery).
'tabsaw' says the book "walks down the road well traveled," without giving titles of any of the other books making this argument.
Still, we progress. Not even the apologists for slavery reviewing this book have the nerve to deny that preserving Slavery and White Supremacy was the South's reason for secession. Once we get that established, we'll be able to go on to more interesting issues.
Book Description
This digital document is an article from Journal of Southern History, published by Southern Historical Association on November 1, 2002. The length of the article is 606 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.
Citation Details
Title: Apostles of Disunion: Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War.(Book Review)
Author: Mary A. DeCredico
Publication:
Journal of Southern History (Refereed)
Date: November 1, 2002
Publisher: Southern Historical Association
Volume: 68
Issue: 4
Page: 952(2)
Article Type: Book Review
Distributed by Thomson Gale
Book Description
This digital document is an article from The Mississippi Quarterly, published by Mississippi State University on March 22, 2002. The length of the article is 2074 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.
Citation Details
Title: A Fire-Eater Remembers: the Confederate Memoirs of Robert Barnwell Rhett.('The Union That Shaped the Confederacy: Robert Toombs and Alexander Stephens,' 'Apostles of Disunion; Southern Secession Commissioners and the Causes of the Civil War' and 'Political Culture and Secession in Mississippi: Masculinity, Honor and the Antiparty Tradition, 1830-1860')(Book Review)
Author: Carlton Jackson
Publication:
The Mississippi Quarterly (Refereed)
Date: March 22, 2002
Publisher: Mississippi State University
Volume: 55
Issue: 2
Page: 288(6)
Article Type: Book Review
Distributed by Thomson Gale
Book Description
An exciting and often terrifying adventure story, as well as an important precursor to such famous nineteenth-century slave narratives as Frederick Douglass's autobiographies, Olaudah Equiano's Narrative recounts his kidnapping in Africa at the age of ten, his service as the slave of an officer in the British Navy, his ten years of labor on slave ships until he was able to purchase his freedom in 1766, and his life afterward as a leading and respected figure in the antislavery movement in England. A spirited autobiography, a tale of spiritual quest and fulfillment, and a sophisticated treatise on religion, politics, and economics, The Interesting Narrative is a work of enduring literary and historical value.
Customer Reviews:
Beauty from Ashes.......2005-09-13
Of all the firsthand accounts known to us as "slave narratives," Vassa's description is unique in many ways. To begin with, he takes his readers all the way back to his African roots, shedding historically-confirmed light on almost lost ancient traditions. His discussion of the harrowing and epically sad capture and separation of he and his sister are among the most moving in this genre.
He then describes the despicable, inhumane conditions in the holds of the slave ships with a "you-are-there" writing style. Again, confirmed by other sources, these are some of the most often quoted accounts in historical texts. In this same chronological phase, Vassa also depicts the shared empathy among the enslave Africans, helping us to see how they collaborated to survive.
His ongoing narrative offers one of the more balanced looks at slavery. Vassa clearly tells the horrors of this evil system and the people responsible for it. At the same time, he often shares accounts of Europeans and White Americans who befriended him. In fact, his positive statements about non-Africans lend further credence to his critique of the many evils of slavery.
His narrative also contains unique elements in his descriptions of his path toward freedom and his life as a freeman. We learn that in his era, for a man of his race, it was barely more tolerable to be free, given the hatred that he still endured.
Though some reviewers tend to minimize or criticize it, his conversion narrative is classic. In fact, it may well have been the standard from which later testimonies were crafted about how "God struck me dead." Perhaps the evangelical nature of his conversion turns off some. However, if we are to engage Vassa in his other accounts, we must engage him here. Further, coming as it did later in his life, it is easy to see how his account of his entire life is entirely shaped by his conversion experience. Clearly, Vassa sees even the evils that he has suffered as part of a larger plan. In doing so he never suggests that God condones the evils of slavery. Rather, he indicates that God created beauty from ashes.
Reviewer: Bob Kellemen, Ph.D., is the author of "Beyond the Suffering: Embracing the Legacy of African American Soul Care and Spiritual Direction," and of "Soul Physicians" and "Spiritual Friends."
Amazing Primary Source History.......2005-06-28
Hemingway said of Tillie Olsen's "Tell Me a Riddle" that, however many readers it may have, it will never have enough. He expressed my feelings about this book. Yes, the "Autobiography of Frederick Douglass" is critical to achieve an understanding of the obscenities of black slavery in the New World, but Equiano's remarkable account dramatizes it in ways even more diverse. He summarizes in his single life the whole span of slavery, from his kidnapping as a child from Africa to the fiendish brutality of Caribbean sugar plantations. But he is also a celebration of the indomitability of the human spirit at its most resilient: from his insistence, against all odds, on his own worth as a person, his acquisition of seafaring and business skills, his achievement not only of literacy but of an Englishman's 18th century eloquence.
I didn't think I could learn more about the particular brutalities of slavery, but I did. An example: in the Caribbean some slavemasters "rented out" their slaves by the day to other masters for excruciating toil. Their temporary masters sometimes "forgot" to feed them lunch, and moreover sometimes sent them back to their masters without payment. For retribution, their masters then beat the slaves! This was a new twist for me, and reminded me that the psychological torture--imagining the starved and exhausted slaves returning to their masters, knowing what was awaiting--often outstripped physical torture for cruelty.
But this is no litany of abuses, and Equiano is careful to spare us gratuitous outrages. He lived the equivalent of five or six lives within his timespan, and the book likewise breaks up into episodes: the African years--during which he chronicles a clime of abundant food and privileged childhood; his adventures at sea, serving several captains on mercantile ships that faced enemy fire and perils of every kind; his strivings to buy his freedom in the Caribbean and North America; his conversion to Christianity; and his settling as a freeman in England with marriage to a British wife.
As with most primary source documents, there are lulls in the narrative. The writing about the author as a Christian aware of his "sins" (he who has so overwhelmingly sinned against) is as familiar as it is ironic. Episodes in the seafaring accounts will be of more interest to afficionados of Melville or Conrad. But what is finally amazing is Equiano's moderation and modesty in describing a most remarkable life. One wonders how many hundreds of thousands of uprooted Africans succumbed to the brutalization and denial of their self-worth for every one who managed to salvage some shred of dignity, but one is nevertheless grateful to Equiano for putting his own example in writing.
It is writing for the ages. I wonder whether it should be required reading, for high school students, for example. Perhaps it's a bit too difficult or tedious for everyone in that age group. But at the very least it should be mentioned in the same breath as Douglass's books. I was 62 before I'd even heard Equiano's name. This remarkable account should be better known.
A fascinating story.......2004-08-06
Many people -- including myself -- read science fiction and fantasy novels to see new vistas of the imagination, alien cultures and circumstances in which we could never imagine ourselves. Sometimes we look to distant futures or galaxies without remembering just how alien the planet we live on can be!
Equiano's account -- generally a clear, crisply written and unsentimental account with detailed descriptions of the places he visits, with the occassional sermon or rare florid description (Dr. Charles Irving's device "renders fresh Neptune's briny element") -- shows a whirlwind series of adventures, from his time as an Igbo village prince, to his enslavement and trek to the African coast under a series of masters, to his horrendous voyage across the middle passage, his amazement at the terrifying new world he was brought into, his conversion to Christianity, his service in the Seven Years War, his attempts to buy his freedom, and his varying adventures as a sailor. The account goes on to include his disastrous expedition to the North Pole and subsequent spiritual crisis upon such a close touch with his mortality, his management as a commissar for an attempt to settle freed blacks in Sierra Leonne, and, finally, his marraige (something touched on very cursorily, perhaps because he didn't wish to add too much to new editions of the book, which was initially completed before his marraige, or possibly because he was very busy raising his daughters, lecturing, and testifying for the abolitionist cause).
Some parts of the account seem, perhaps, slightly too convenient. One might be tempted to wonder if Equiano's memories, as a ten year old, of the customs of his people are shaped by his desire to retrospectively turn them into Jews, or if his account of, upon hearing that a book contain words, holding it to his ear is borrowed from countless other accounts of the "primitive" who misunderstands the nature of the written word, or if his account of himself as a determined fighter for the integrity of the Sierra Leone colonization project, undermined by the other corrupt managers of the project, who stole from the Exchequer and undersupplied the intended black colonists isn't a biased portrayal in his favor. Overall, though, the records that have been recovered by historians have been favorable to Equiano's story, and inaccuracies are remarkably rare for a book so extensive and often written from memories thirty-years old.
Good Book.......2002-02-09
This book presents an interesting and unique view into the world of slavery. Buy it...now!
This book is a gift from a great man who lived 200 years ago.......2001-03-22
An amazing story of a young man kidnapped from his African village as a boy, transported to the Caribbean from island to island and his dealings with the people who were in power. How he gained his freedom, then lost it, then gained it again. His struggle to reconcile what the Bible taught about kindness with what he saw the "Christians" actually doing to slaves. This book is essential reading for anyone living in the Caribbean who wants to understand the mental slavery that still exists there to this day. Its THE guide to "self-help" that beats all others. Its the story of a wonderfully determined man.
Book Description
Olaudah EquianoÂ's capture by slave-traders at the age of ten took him from life in what is now Eastern Nigeria and thrust him on a fateful journey that would submerge him in an incomprehensible world. He emerged a gifted writer and has provided insights into centuries of slave trading and why the relationship between black and white seems always in favor of white. First published in 1789, EquianoÂ's engaging narrative, written in English, describes his life before and after his capture—looking forward to recognition as a descendant of a chief; working on slave ships; traveling to the southern states of America, the West Indies, Europe, and the Arctic; and fighting a war. He eventually grew to be an extremely confident man who, even in the worst slavery imaginable, never lost his sense of purpose or his humanity. After buying his freedom, he was an ardent supporter of abolishing slavery. Written with a sense of literary history, EquianoÂ's account corrects wrong impressions about Africa and explores what it is like for an African to find himself suddenly alien in a world that considers Africans as not quite human.
Customer Reviews:
History of the others.......2005-12-29
The African slave trade is one of the great stains of human history. Much has been written about it by European - white authors, though unfortunately, there are very few recollections of the slave trade by actual slaves. This book is one of those works. The author, Olaudah Equiano, was born in Nigeria and captured as a child and sold of to slavery in the New World. He eventually accummulated enough money to free and educate himself, and make his way thru the world as a free man. This book is his story, told by himself. He retells his kidnapping, his trip from Africa to N. America, his service to different masters, how he bought his own freedom, and then his life as a free man. He retells both the punishments he endured, the work he had to do, and the opportunities denied to him while he was a slave. Overall, a good book to read about the life of a slave.
Well written with attention toward the truth, not opinion........2001-03-06
I'm not sure if the person below read the book. Equiano was 11 when he was enslaved.
A must read for anyone interested in the horror of slavery.......1997-12-06
An amazing story of an amazing man. Olaudah Equiano tells the story of his life with such clarity and recollection it is hard to put this book down. A slave, who at the age of 7, was kidnapped from his village in Africa and subsequently enslaved for 11 years until which time he could buy his freedom. His life was filled with both horror and wonder. He witnessed great events and horrific injustices. He tells these tales with clarity and an unusual objectiveness. A boy, who at age 7, did not read or write or even know of the white man. Olaudah grew to learn and have great command of the language in which he would retell his tales. This is not only an impressive work, it is more so coming from a former slave. It is a must read for everyone interested in the struggle for life that these people endured for over two centuries.
Average customer rating:
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The irrepressible Pepys.(17th century diarist Samuel Pepys)(Critical Essay): An article from: New Criterion
Brooke Allen
Manufacturer: Foundation for Cultural Review
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital
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ASIN: B0008FY6ES
Release Date: 2005-07-30 |
Book Description
This digital document is an article from New Criterion, published by Foundation for Cultural Review on January 1, 2003. The length of the article is 5946 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.
Citation Details
Title: The irrepressible Pepys.(17th century diarist Samuel Pepys)(Critical Essay)
Author: Brooke Allen
Publication:
New Criterion (Magazine/Journal)
Date: January 1, 2003
Publisher: Foundation for Cultural Review
Volume: 21
Issue: 5
Page: 14(9)
Article Type: Critical Essay
Distributed by Thomson Gale
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Managing the Marine and Coastal Environment of Sub-Suharan Africa: Strategic Directions for Sustainable Development (Directions in Development)
Indu Hewawasam
Manufacturer: World Bank Publications
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
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ASIN: 0821351699 |
Book Description
The trends toward ecosystem degradation and social change are affecting coastal areas around the world, not least in Sub-Saharan Africa. The crisis affecting this region's coastal and marine areas requires an urgent and resolute response from the global community.
This report details the challenges facing coastal and marine environments in Sub-Saharan Africa. It describes the World Bank's strategy for supporting sustainable development in the sector. This report stresses an integrated approach to coastal management in Sub-Saharan Africa which will be strategic in design.
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