The Book of Texas County Comparisons

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The Book of Texas County Comparisons
Daniel Sprecher
Manufacturer: Serina Press
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Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000LZ1W6K

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Comparison of Bowen-ratio, eddy-correlation, and weighing-lysimeter evapotranspiration for two sparse-canopy sites in eastern Washington (SuDoc I 19.42/4:96-4081)
Stewart A. Tomlinson
Manufacturer: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services [distributor]
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Binding: Unknown Binding
ASIN: B00010SH0E

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Comparison of evaporation computation methods, Pretty Lake, Lagrange County, Northeastern Indiana, (Hydrologic and biological studies of Pretty Lake, Indiana)
John F Ficke
Manufacturer: U.S. Govt. Print. Off
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General | Geology | Earth Sciences | Science | Subjects | Books
Specific Locations | Geology | Earth Sciences | Science | Subjects | Books
ASIN: B0006D0EKM

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A Comparison of Six- and Twelve-Member Civil Juries in New Jersey Superior and County Courts
William Stoever
Manufacturer: The Institute of Judicial Administration
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Binding: Pamphlet
ASIN: B000J0NY5E

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County Comparisons (The US Atlas of Nuclear Fallout, Vol. 3)
Richard L. Miller
Manufacturer: Legis Books
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Binding: Paperback

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ASIN: 1881043126

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FLORIDA COUNTY COMPARISONS 1991

Manufacturer: FLORIDA DEP. OF COMMERCE
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Binding: Hardcover
ASIN: B000HZ7V96

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Largest Governments of the U.S. 2007: Latest Comparisons of Your Financial & Employee Performance (Largest U S Cities, Counties, and All State Governments)

Manufacturer: Municipal Analysis Service
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ASIN: 1555071732

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Negro-slavery, no evil, or, The North and the South: the effects of negro-slavery, as exhibited in the census, by a comparison of the condition of the ... the Platte County Self-Defensive Association
Mo. Platte County Self-Defensive Association (Platte County
Manufacturer: Cornell University Library
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ASIN: 1429717696
Release Date: 1854-01-01

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This volume is produced from digital images from the Cornell University Library Samuel J. May Anti-Slavery Collection

Pollution Prevention Problems: A Case Study of the Status of P2 Programson Whiteman AFB, Missouri With Comparison to Salt Lake City, Utah and Salt Lake County, Utah

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Pollution Prevention Problems: A Case Study of the Status of P2 Programson Whiteman AFB, Missouri With Comparison to Salt Lake City, Utah and Salt Lake County, Utah

Manufacturer: Storming Media
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ASIN: 142354207X

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This is a AIR FORCE INST OF TECH WRIGHT-PATTERSONAFB OH report procured by the Pentagon and made available for public release. It has been reproduced in the best form available to the Pentagon. It is not spiral-bound, but rather assembled with Velobinding in a soft, white linen cover. The Storming Media report number is A035073. The abstract provided by the Pentagon follows: Congress recognized the potential for serious harm to the environment and to human health and enacted several different legislative acts that were designed to prevent such harm. Congress stated the policy of the United States regarding pollution prevention when it enacted the Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 (PPA): "The Congress hereby declares it to be the national policy of the United States that pollution should be prevented or reduced at the source whenever feasible; pollution that cannot be prevented should be recycled in an environmentally safe manner, whenever feasible; pollution that cannot be prevented or recycled should be treated in an environmentally safe manner whenever feasible; and disposal or other release into the environment should be employed only as a last resort and should be conducted in an environmentally safe manner." Congress clearly identified the preferences in the treatment of waste in the above stated policy--pollution should be prevented at the source. Preventing pollution at its source was a major departure from earlier environmental statutes that focused on the treating of the waste, not the prevention of waste.

$Re-analysis of the MWX fracture stimulation data from the fluvial zone of the Mesaverde Formation and comparison with paludal and coastal zone behavior: Final report (DOE/MC)$
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Re-analysis of the MWX fracture stimulation data from the fluvial zone of the Mesaverde Formation and comparison with paludal and coastal zone behavior: Final report (DOE/MC)
M. B Smith
Manufacturer: Available from National Technical Information Service
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Binding: Unknown Binding
ASIN: B000736W4S

Book Description

Bringing together specialists from the fields of international relations, history and politics, this work attempts to answer three main questions regarding the 20th century. It considers what the century's salient characteristics have been, what else is ending as the century ends, and whether Churchill was right in calling it a "disappointing century".

As the contributors address these issues, they also discuss whether it has been an American century or a "nuclear" century, and whether it marks the "end of history", the triumph of Western liberalism, or merely the end of the Cold War.

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A brave attempt to add something new.......1998-03-11

Reviewed by VLADIMIR MATVEYEV in International Relations, Volume XIII, No 2, August 1996

The authors of this study deserve credit for their brave attempt to add something new to a topic which has already been thoroughly explored by such eminent authors as Francis Fukuyama, Alexandre Kojève and Paul Kennedy to name but a few. Written by noted British specialists from the fields of international relations, history and politics, the reader might be expecting dire conclusions about `the End of History' which, to Kojève at least, meant an end to the arts and philosophy, to wars and revolutions, and the reversion of humanity to an unreflective brutish way of life. Here, however, the authors' aims, the scope of the study and its conclusions are far more modest and far less startling. They concentrate on analysis of a number of regions and cover those problems, such as the nuclear factor, the economy, nationalism and community, which they believe to be most relevant to international relations now and in the not too distant future. The remark that particular periods or `ages' can be no more than labels of convenience is characteristic of their approach to the subject.
In contrast to some of their predecessors, who were fascinated by the prospect of speculative thinking on the eve of the new millennium and aimed at predicting no less than the destiny of mankind, the authors of this book evidently prefer traditional methods of academic research based on facts and data which can be proven. This leads them, on a number of occasions, to draw different conclusions to their predecessors. Thus, Professor Chris Brown from the University of Southampton, while agreeing with the self-evident thesis of Fukuyama that something momentous has happened in this century, challenges Fukuyama's statement that this something momentous is the indisputable victory of `Western liberalism' over the last remaining alternative - i.e. the Soviet Union. Moreover, he completely disagrees with the stipulation that this victory brings about the `End of History'. Professor Brown rightly remarks that for a number of reasons the failure of the Soviet model of socialism cannot be treated as sufficient proof of the irrelevance of socialist values in principle, even if that were highly desirable. `On the contrary', as Professor Brown notes, `there is every reason to think that the most successful capitalist societies in Europe at least have been those which are based on a strong social democratic tradition - Federal Germany in particular. Nor does it mean that the basic ethical impulse of socialism ... is in any way outmoded or passé.' Professor Brown equally challenges another of Fukuyama's, and especially Kojève's, forecasts about the inevitable peacefulness of the international order in a situation where the world is dominated by liberal market-oriented states. The facts speak in favour of Chris Brown's more pessimistic evaluation. Recent dramatic conflicts in Europe and in other parts of the world have already shown that the victory of liberal economic values and political democracy does not necessarily guarantee the peaceful international behaviour of a state. Here, his reference to the increasing power of nationalism following the collapse of the socialist system of states, and its pernicious effects on international relations, is very germane.
Chris Brown's comments on the role of nationalism are consonant with the conclusions of Professor James Mayall of the London School of Economics who elaborates on the theme in a separate chapter. Having analysed the most far-reaching episodes of twentieth-century history, Professor Mayall concludes that nationalism will continue to dominate world politics into the new century. There are good reasons to believe that he is not mistaken. Thus, the end of the Cold War and the collapse of communism has not heralded the start of a new era of peacefulness in international relations. On the contrary, these events have reopened the national question, the implications of which are impossible to foresee. In any case, the international conflicts of the 1980s and `90s, with a strong flavour of nationalism behind them, have clearly demonstrated the limitations of the post-1945 international system.
It is probably too early to predict what changes in the international system might bring about a reduction in the negative influence of aggressive nationalism. However, as James Mayall remarks, `one sombre reality must be acknowledged: if states with deep ethnic and religious divisions and no dominant political culture are to survive their internal communal passions and the predations of their neighbours, there will have to be international guarantees, and probably military intervention, of a kind and scale never previously envisaged'.
Turning to the regional chapters, for understandable reasons I shall focus on the coverage of Russia. This is skilfully done by Professor Edward Acton of the University of East Anglia. `Whereas the twentieth-century history of some societies may be written as drama, and perhaps a very few as comedy, that of Russia and the Soviet Union is unmistakably tragedy.' It is both a sad and a true remark. The author does not confine himself to portraying the evils of the country which ceased to exist, at least in its original form. He is attempting to interpret the deep-rooted reasons lying behind the national disaster and its implications for the people of Russia and for the world community. Unlike some of his colleagues, who tend to put all the blame for the troubles of the Soviet Union on the planned economy and see its collapse as proof of the victory of market values, Professor Acton is not so sure that the final verdict has yet been pronounced. A number of convincing facts of Soviet history bear witness to the fact that Soviet-style planning did not correspond to the classical model of a planned economy, where all parts should, in the words of Hayek, be `carefully adjusted to each other'. It is therefore not clear what exactly failed: Soviet mismanagement of the economy or the idea of central planning as such. Acton's views on the interrelationship between planning and democracy are also worth noting. In contrast to Hayek's view that planning destroys democracy, the Soviet experience suggests that the absence of democracy ruined planning. `The absence of democracy', stresses Acton, ` was the very root of the disease from which the Soviet economy suffered. Peasants did not seek collectivization or identify with collective farms; workers did not feel themselves masters of their own destiny; managers and officials scarcely more ... How far it may be taken with democracy remains to be seen.'
In his concise but thorough analysis of the roots and consequences of the dominant role of the United States in world affairs of the twentieth century, John Thompson, of St. Catherine's College, Cambridge, comes to the conclusion that it was the scale of American power that enabled the United States to achieve great influence in the world at relatively small cost. For example, notes Dr. Thompson, victory in the Second World War established the United States and the Soviet Union as the dominant powers; it cost the latter at least 26 million dead, the former 323,000. Yet John Thompson's analysis implies that in the twenty-first century America's role in international affairs will be both smaller in extent and rather different in nature.
In his introduction to the book, the editor, Professor Alex Danchev of Keele University, writes that he and his colleagues sought to intermingle the cognate fields of history, politics and international relations, and particularly to strengthen intellectual links between international history and international relations. They have succeeded in doing so but will have left directors of many academic libraries in doubt about the proper place for this book in their domains. Perhaps the end of the century will bring about closer links, if not a synthesis, between previously distinct academic disciplines as so greatly desired by the authors.
VLADIM

Book Description

Charged with the ever-present potential for danger and occasionally punctuated by terrible moments of disaster, the history of space exploration has been keenly dramatic. The recent disaster of the Space Shuttle Columbia was a sad but certain reminder that space travel is an extraordinarily dangerous occupation. Oddly enough, it often takes a tragic accident to remind us that we still have a presence in space.

In the decades between triumph and tragedy we tend to ignore the fact that there have been scores of space pioneers who have risked their lives to explore our solar system. Indeed, the International Space Station is sometimes referred to as "Alpha," a moniker that implies that it is our first real permanent presence in space. But this notion is frowned upon by the Russians - and for good reason. Prior to the construction of the controversial International Space Station, a host of daring Russian cosmonauts, and a smaller number of intrepid American astronauts, were living in space for months, some of them for over a year.

In this definitive account of man's quest to become citizens of the cosmos, noted space historian Robert Zimmerman reveals the great global gamesmanship between Russian and American political leaders that drove us to the stars. Beaten to the Moon by their Cold War enemies, the Russians were intent on being first to the planets. They believed that manned space stations held the greatest promise for reaching other worlds and worked feverishly to build a viable space station program - one that would dwarf American efforts and allow the Russians to claim the vast territories of space as their own.

Although unthinkable at the time, the ponderously bureaucratic Soviet Union actually managed to overtake the United States in the space station race. Leveraging their propaganda machine and tyrannical politics to launch a series of daring, dangerous, and scientifically brilliant space exploits, their efforts not only put them far ahead of NASA, they also helped to reshape their own society, transforming it from dictatorship to democracy. At the same time, the American space program at NASA was also evolving, but not necessarily for the better. In fact, the two programs were slowly but inexorably trading places.

Drawing on his vast store of knowledge about space travel, as well as hundreds of interviews with cosmonauts, astronauts, and scientists, Zimmerman has superbly captured the excitement and suspense of our recent space-traveling past. For space and history enthusiasts alike, Leaving Earth describes a rich heritage of adventure, exploration, research, and discovery.

Customer Reviews:

Eye-opening, romanticized view of space station research.......2006-11-19

This book was quite interesting and eye-opening in many ways. I have to agree with one of the back-cover reviews that many Americans, even ones very familiar with NASA and western space activities, don't know much about all that the Russians have been doing in space since the 1970's. At least that applied well to me.

The overall focus is on space station research since the 1970's, which necessarily centers on the Soviets/Russians, esp. the Salyuts and Mir. The account is fascinating, detailing crew working relationships and personality conflicts, medical research on long-term zero-G flights, space greenhouses and biology experiments, and many, many instances where cosmonauts and ground controllers had to improvise repairs to keep things working. It's a survey account, and a good jumping-off point to get into this subject more deeply. The bibliography has some very good references here.

I also enjoyed very much the author's focus on using space station research as a means towards preparation for interplanetary flight. That's an angle you don't hear much. (Though I don't believe he addressed the question: If you're studying bone less etc so much, then why don't you also study the possibility of artifical gravity through rotating stations?)

There were a couple criticisms. Photographs would have been nice, and the diagrams could have been labelled better. The author tends to romanticize and not really express the gravity of some Russian near-catastrophes in space. He presents a fairly one-sided view of ISS, though his points are well taken about NASA's over-control and bureaucratic tendencies.

Overall though, I enjoyed very much the spirit of the book. The focus was on using Space Station research to learn how to live and work in space and for possible missions of the future, rather than as a jobs program. The Russians are shown as being inventive and clever, conducting solid research and solving multiple problems with limited resources. There are some very nice passages about what it's like to experience space, especially seeing the universe when out on spacewalks. It gets one thinking about what might be accomplished in the years ahead, given a similar attitude.

A History of the First Space Stations.......2005-12-14

Zimmerman's book is the detailed story of the first space stations. Anyone interested in manned spaceflight should
read it. My criticisms would be of two sorts; First, he speculates too much about the politics behind the decisions. I especially object to the all too american right-wing bias in his judgements. Secondly, he fails to make connections with the concurrent unmanned space research. "Exploration" is not humans going places and doing sightseeing. Exploration is doing science and doing science is more about unmanned spaceflight.

Insight from the Russian Experience in Space.......2005-07-01

Robert Zimmerman, space historian and enthusiast, combines a love of technical issues with extensive background research in this account of the nine space stations flown so far by the Soviet Union (now Russia) and the United States. As the full title suggests, Zimmerman sees an important rarely stated purpose for the stations: learning how to maintain, operate, and work within vessels that closely resemble those that will first carry humans between the planets.

This detailed historical account of space station development is a powerful demonstration of how people have learned critical skills for living in space through repeated failure of almost every imaginable variety.

Today we remember Mir and Skylab, but the early Soviet Salyut stations were where much of the real learning happened. Fires, propellant leaks, repeated docking failures and failures in all sorts of science experiments (particularly attempts at plant growth) characterize much of the early history. Failures in crew relationships were at least as frequent - some crews (generally 2 men for the Salyuts) got along famously, but others quickly got on one another's nerves and bitterly endured through months of orbital isolation.

Human failure is here too - the toothaches, infections and heart problems of normal life, and then also the worrying problem of loss of bone mass - up to 2 percent a month, in zero gravity. And political failure, which showed up in relationships with ground controllers who seemed to cease caring, in later years, about what were very serious problems in orbit.

The first failures were docking problems, and sadly, the loss of three cosmonauts. Brezhnev gave the go-ahead to the Salyut program apparently to improve international public relations for the Soviet Union, and so missions were much more public than they had been in the past. Soyuz 10, the first mission to Salyut 1, failed in attempts to dock, and had to return. Soyuz 11, carrying a last-minute crew, successfully docked, and was met by the smell of burning insulation when they opened the hatch. At least half the equipment they'd been asked to work with didn't work
as planned in zero gravity. The three men spent three weeks on the station, dealt with another electrical fire, broadcast to the world from orbit, and managed to magnify a few personality conflicts along the way. And then, in their descent module shortly after leaving the station, a pressure equalization valve opened, and, despite their best efforts, they were dead in minutes.

The US Skylab came next, and it too started in failure - the last launch of a Saturn V rocket - during launch part of the meteor/heat shield was ripped away, destroying one solar panel and tangling another so it could not open, and exposing the workshop enclosure to direct sunlight, raising its temperature to as high as 130 degrees (F). Skylab's first crew, launched 10 days later, managed to fix essentially all the problems (except for the lost solar panel) through ingenuity and hard work.

Follow-on crews learned a lot about living in space - but ironically, the science experiments approved did not include any of the plant-growth experiments the Soviets were so keen on - growing plants in zero gravity was not something US scientists were funded to study, despite the apparent usefulness for long-term living in space.

The Soviet Salyut stations followed one after another; the first really successful one, as described by Zimmerman, being Salyut 6, launched in 1977. They had learned a lot from earlier failures and experiences, and now had a station that could sustain itself for long periods in orbit, with human assistance. Salyut 6 had a fire too - these early experiences with fires in space explain why the later fire on Mir was much more frightening to the American on board, than to the Russians. Salyut 7, which was still orbiting when Mir's first pieces launched in 1986, suffered a very severe propellant leak that nearly disabled the station; a later crew ripped open the outer shell of the station to get at the various bits of tubing they needed to test and replace, and managed to make the repairs needed over a series of space walks
that amounted to more than all previous Soviet space walks combined.

The Russians had learned how to deal with problems in space, how to fix them with their own ingenuity. Since Salyut 1 they have not lost a single person, not even had any severe injuries. There had certainly been some very close calls - the fire on Mir and the later collision of a Progress freighter with the station could have been very serious. But somehow they managed, through luck and ingenuity, to keep things working. As Zimmerman puts it, the station had proved that the technology for going to other planets was available, and buildable. "Provide human beings with the necessary tools and supplies and they can go anywhere."

The Soviet space program had become, in the new Russia, independent and profit-oriented - driving hard bargains and keeping a technology edge. In the US, in contrast, things had become very rigid, bureaucratic, and "focusless". In Zimmerman's phrase, the two "ships passed in the night": America's efforts in space now resemble those of the early Soviet Union; astronauts have little freedom to do their own things, with everything prescribed down to the minute. No room for learning, or ingenuity among those who are actually experiencing spaceflight firsthand. Problems and risks are ignored or downplayed by the bureaucracy. Commonsense is thrown out the window. And tourists like Dennis Tito are seen as threats, not vindication.

One of the strengths of Zimmerman's book is the focus on the people - but this also leads to many somewhat formulaic biographies of many cosmonauts and figures such as Boris Yeltsin. The psychological interactions among the different crews are certainly interesting, as are all the wonderful historical details Zimmerman has dug up. A great book for space history buffs, and anybody interested in the experiences of the first to practice what we'll need to do to travel between the planets.

Leaving Earth.......2004-08-02

Every page of this interesting book is packed with details of the evolution of the Russian manned space program. It is very well researched and Robert Zimmerman does an excellent job describing the interaction between on-the-ground politics and space science. The stories of life, survival and endurance on the space stations is facinating. This book is a must read for anyone who is interested in the history of man's quest for conquering the many problems of surviving in the harsh space environment.

Crazed Cosmonauts out in the Cosmos!.......2004-03-12

One of two aspects of Mr. Zimmerman's book that most reviewers seem to have missed is his recounting of the many errors, problems, and dilemmas, large and small, trivial and hazardous, that the cosmonauts encountered. Mysteriously missing antennae, fogged-over helmet visors, balky space ship hatches and no power are just some of the hardships that had to be surmounted.

Another aspect of the book is the recounting of the many personality conflicts between the cosmonauts. Grueling work schedules, close quarters, and differing backgrounds of the cosmonauts drove wedges between the crew members. Oftentimes they would just stop speaking to each other. Other times, the crew member with the higher ranking would pull rank in the most inconsiderate manner.

I found the examination of these weaknesses (structural and psychological) to be fascinating. They brought a human element to the book and made it a very interesting recounting. The same holds true for the examination of how politics, economics, and the fall of the Soviet government changed the Russian space program.

I highly recommend this enjoyable and informative book

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LEAVING EARTH SPACE STATIONS, RIVAL SUPERPOWERS AND THE QUEST FOR INTERPLANETARY TRAVEL
ROBERT ZIMMERMAN
Manufacturer: J. Henry Press
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000OSTNG0

Book Description

This proceedings of almost 200 papers provides state-of-the-art information on the design of successful stream, riparian, and wetland restoration projects along with insightful approaches to wateshed management. Numerous case studies detail successes and failures of various design approaches on both local and watershed scales. This collection provides a valuable resource for professional engineers and scientists struggling with design, implementation, and monitoring of restoration projects. The interdisciplinary background represented by the authors, and the practical information presented, makes this proceedings particularly useful to the practitioner. Topics include: River/Stream/Channel Restoration; Wetlands; Design; Watersheds; Hydraulics; and Unique Habitat Restoration Approaches.

Creating riverine wetlands: Ecological succession, nutrient retention, and pulsing effects [An article from: Ecological Engineering]

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Creating riverine wetlands: Ecological succession, nutrient retention, and pulsing effects [An article from: Ecological Engineering]
W.J. Mitsch , L. Zhang , C.J. Anderson , and A.E. Altor
Manufacturer: Elsevier
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital

Elsevier | By Publisher | e-Docs | Formats | Books
ASIN: B000RR5ZPG

Book Description

This digital document is a journal article from Ecological Engineering, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Successional patterns, water quality changes, and effects of hydrologic pulsing are documented for a whole-ecosystem experiment involving two created wetlands that have been subjected to continuous inflow of pumped river water for more than 10 years. At the beginning of the growing season in the first year of the experiment (1994), 2400 individuals representing 13 macrophyte species were introduced to one of the wetland basins. The other basin was an unplanted control. Patterns of succession are illustrated by macrophyte community diversity and net aboveground primary productivity, soil development, water quality changes, and nutrient retention for the two basins. The planted wetland continued to be more diverse in plant cover 10 years after planting and the unplanted wetland appeared to be more productive but more susceptible to stress. Soil color and organic content continued to change after wetland creation and wetlands had robust features of hydric soils within a few years of flooding. Organic matter content in surface soils in the wetlands increased by approximately 1% per 3-year period. Plant diversity and species differences led to some differences in the basins in macrophyte productivity, carbon sequestration, water quality changes and nutrient retention. The wetlands continued to retain nitrate-nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus 10 years after their creation. There are some signs that sediment and total phosphorus retention are diminishing after 10 years of river flow. Preliminary results from the beginnings of a flood pulsing experiment in the two basins in 2003-2004 are described for water quality, nutrient retention, aboveground productivity, and methane and nitrous oxide gaseous fluxes.

Hydrology and nutrient biogeochemistry in a created river diversion oxbow wetland [An article from: Ecological Engineering]

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Hydrology and nutrient biogeochemistry in a created river diversion oxbow wetland [An article from: Ecological Engineering]
D.F. Fink , and W.J. Mitsch
Manufacturer: Elsevier
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital
ASIN: B000PKHZQM

Book Description

This digital document is a journal article from Ecological Engineering, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
A better understanding of the function of riparian wetlands is needed. In this study, hydrological, successional, and water-quality dynamics are documented for a whole-ecosystem study involving a 3-ha created riparian wetland at the Schiermeier Olentangy River Wetland Research Park at The Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, USA, during 2003 and 2004. This wetland typically receives seven or eight natural weeklong flood pulses each year from the Olentangy River. Of 21 species planted in 1997, only Scirpus americanus and Juncus effusus remained as important macrophyte species during the study 6-7 years after planting. Typha spp., a naturally colonizing species, was the dominant macrophyte in most of the wetland. Mean retention rates per flood pulse for nitrate-nitrite, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total phosphorus (TP) were 0.71g-Nm^-^2, 0.92g-Nm^-^2, 0.016g-Pm^-^2, and 0.08g-Pm^-^2, respectively. The annual reductions of N-NO"3^-, TN, P-SRP, and TP were 74%, 41%, 46%, and 31% by mass. A greater attenuation of NO"3^- and TP occurred in the emergent marsh section of the wetland than the open water section. Conversely TKN increased through the emergent marsh and decreased through the open water section. Overall, the oxbow design is successful in ecological terms and we recommend that similar diversion wetlands be created in other locations to examine their function under different climatic and hydrological conditions.

Methane flux from created riparian marshes: Relationship to intermittent versus continuous inundation and emergent macrophytes [An article from: Ecological Engineering]

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Methane flux from created riparian marshes: Relationship to intermittent versus continuous inundation and emergent macrophytes [An article from: Ecological Engineering]
A.E. Altor , and W.J. Mitsch
Manufacturer: Elsevier
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital
ASIN: B000PC0OD6

Book Description

This digital document is a journal article from Ecological Engineering, published by Elsevier in 2006. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Methane's importance as a greenhouse gas warrants examination of the dynamics controlling its emission from temperate zone wetlands created and restored for habitat replacement and water quality improvement. In this one-year field study, hydrology typical of floodplains in the Midwestern USA was simulated in two experimental riparian marshes. Methane fluxes were measured from February to December using non-steady-state chambers located in marsh zones with and without emergent vegetation in which soils were intermittently exposed and inundated, and in permanently inundated wetland areas. Annual methane fluxes from intermittently flooded zones were 30% of fluxes from permanently inundated wetland areas, which emitted ~42g CH"4-C m^-^2year^-^1. Average growing season rates of methane flux from intermittently flooded zones with and without macrophytes did not differ significantly (~3.5mg CH"4-C m^-^2h^-^1), but both were significantly less than those from permanently inundated areas (~8mg CH"4-C m^-^2h^-^1). We suggest that incorporation of seasonal floods followed by drier periods in created riparian wetlands could minimize methane emission.

Nitrate-nitrogen retention in wetlands in the Mississippi River Basin [An article from: Ecological Engineering]

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Nitrate-nitrogen retention in wetlands in the Mississippi River Basin [An article from: Ecological Engineering]
W.J. Mitsch , J.W. Day , L. Zhang , and R.R. Lane
Manufacturer: Elsevier
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital
ASIN: B000RR2J00

Book Description

This digital document is a journal article from Ecological Engineering, published by Elsevier in 2005. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Nitrate-nitrogen retention as a result of river water diversions is compared in experimental wetland basins in Ohio for 18 wetland-years (9 yearsx2 wetland basins) and a large wetland complex in Louisiana (1 wetland basinx4 years). The Ohio wetlands had an average nitrate-nitrogen retention of 39g-Nm^-^2year^-^1, while the Louisiana wetland had a slightly higher retention of 46g-Nm^-^2year^-^1 for a similar loading rate area. When annual nitrate retention data from these sites are combined with 26 additional wetland-years of data from other wetland sites in the Basin Mississippi River (Ohio, Illinois, and Louisiana), a robust regression model of nitrate retention versus nitrate loading is developed. The model provides an estimate of 22,000km^2 of wetland creation and restoration needed in the Mississippi River Basin to remove 40% of the nitrogen estimated to discharge into the Gulf of Mexico from the river basin. This estimated wetland restoration is 65 times the published net gain of wetlands in the entire USA over the past 10 years as enforced by the Clean Water Act and is four times the cumulative total of the USDA Wetland Reserve Program wetland protection and restoration activity for the entire USA.

Restoration of Skjern River and its valley: Project description and general ecological changes in the project area [An article from: Ecological Engineering]

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Restoration of Skjern River and its valley: Project description and general ecological changes in the project area [An article from: Ecological Engineering]
M.L. Pedersen , J.M. Andersen , K. Nielsen , and Linneman
Manufacturer: Elsevier
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital
ASIN: B000PKHZRQ

Book Description

This digital document is a journal article from Ecological Engineering, published by Elsevier in 2007. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
During the period 1999-2002, 19km of the Skjern River and 22km^2 of the cultivated river valley were restored into a meandering river, wetlands, meadows and shallow lakes. The restoration followed a channelisation of the river and an artificial draining and reclamation of the river valley for agriculture in the 1960s. In 1987, the Danish Parliament decided to carry out the restoration to reduce the nutrient loading to the sea and enhance the re-creational value of the river valley. A comprehensive monitoring programme was initiated to follow the short-term ecological consequences of the restoration. The river valley changed from agricultural fields into meadows with a rapid succession in plant species. The retention of nutrients in the restored area follows the extent of flooding and amounted to less than 10% of the total riverine transport. The new river was rapidly colonised with plants and invertebrates from upstream reaches, and rare species in the project area generally seem to thrive under the new conditions. The new shallow lakes and the meadows caused a minor increase in the predation of salmon and trout smolts because of the increased populations of fish-eating birds.

Restoration of wetlands in the Mississippi-Ohio-Missouri (MOM) River Basin: Experience and needed research [An article from: Ecological Engineering]

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Restoration of wetlands in the Mississippi-Ohio-Missouri (MOM) River Basin: Experience and needed research [An article from: Ecological Engineering]
W.J. Mitsch , and J.W. Day
Manufacturer: Elsevier
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital
ASIN: B000RR5ZUG

Book Description

This digital document is a journal article from Ecological Engineering, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
An ecological and hydrologic restoration of the Mississippi-Ohio-Missouri (MOM) Basin in the United States is proposed as the solution to the reccurring hypoxic conditions in the Gulf of Mexico. Nitrate-nitrogen is the cause of this eutrophication in the Gulf and its source is mainly due to increased fertilizer use in the American Midwest. In that same Midwest, the land has also been artificially drained and 80-90% of the original wetlands have been lost. Our proposed restoration involves the strategic creation and restoration of 2.2millionha of wetlands in the MOM basin where in-field wetlands intercept agricultural runoff and diversion wetlands are overflowed by flooding river water. Case studies that total 50 wetland-years of data from Illinois, Ohio, and Louisiana are summarized as the basis for the restoration area estimate. Benefits of this restoration, in addition to solving the Gulf hypoxia, include water quality improvement, reduction of public health threats, habitat creation, and flood mitigation that will accrue to the locations in the MOM basin where the restoration occurs. Before the restoration commences, there is a need for formal and rigorous large-scale research in the basin to reduce uncertainties.

A screening of the capacity of Louisiana freshwater wetlands to process nitrate in diverted Mississippi River water [An article from: Ecological Engineering]

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A screening of the capacity of Louisiana freshwater wetlands to process nitrate in diverted Mississippi River water [An article from: Ecological Engineering]
R.D. DeLaune , A. Jugsujinda , J.L. West , and C Johnson
Manufacturer: Elsevier
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Digital
ASIN: B000RR5ZLK

Book Description

This digital document is a journal article from Ecological Engineering, published by Elsevier in . The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Media Library immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Description:
Mississippi River water is currently being diverted into Louisiana coastal wetlands for slowing or reversing marsh deterioration attributed to the rapid subsidence and accompanying saltwater intrusion. In this study, nitrate processing and removal was quantified in a 3700ha ponded freshwater wetland through which the diverted Mississippi River water enters Louisiana Barataria Basin estuary. Nitrate removal rates using a mass balance approach (measuring changes in nitrate content between the inlet and the outlets) showed that the fresh water wetland removed practically all the nitrate in the diverted river water (~35m^3s^-^1) during a discharge event in April 2003. Denitrification was a major process in removing nitrate in diverted river water. The capacity of the ponded wetland to remove all nitrate in diverted river water was strongly influenced by discharge rate. The ponded wetland did not remove all the NO"3 in river water at high discharge rate (>100m^3s^-^1) in December 2003. Results demonstrate that freshwater diversion through Louisiana coastal wetland can effectively process nitrogen in diverted Mississippi River water. However, discharge or pulsing rate should be regulated where possible to maximize nitrogen removal for limiting amount of nitrogen reaching lower reaches of Louisiana's Barataria Basin estuary.

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