By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans

Book Description

On February 19, 1942, following the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbor and Japanese Army successes in the Pacific, President Franklin Delano Roosevelt signed a fateful order. In the name of security, Executive Order 9066 allowed for the summary removal of Japanese aliens and American citizens of Japanese descent from their West Coast homes and their incarceration under guard in camps. Amid the numerous histories and memoirs devoted to this shameful event, FDR's contributions have been seen as negligible. Now, using Roosevelt's own writings, his advisors' letters and diaries, and internal government documents, Greg Robinson reveals the president's central role in making and implementing the internment and examines not only what the president did but why.

Robinson traces FDR's outlook back to his formative years, and to the early twentieth century's racialist view of ethnic Japanese in America as immutably "foreign" and threatening. These prejudicial sentiments, along with his constitutional philosophy and leadership style, contributed to Roosevelt's approval of the unprecedented mistreatment of American citizens. His hands-on participation and interventions were critical in determining the nature, duration, and consequences of the administration's internment policy.

By Order of the President attempts to explain how a great humanitarian leader and his advisors, who were fighting a war to preserve democracy, could have implemented such a profoundly unjust and undemocratic policy toward their own people. It reminds us of the power of a president's beliefs to influence and determine public policy and of the need for citizen vigilance to protect the rights of all against potential abuses.

Customer Reviews:

Interesting read but theory does not hold water.......2007-04-29

In "By Order of the President," Robinson dogmatically attempts to prove his theory that Franklin D. Roosevelt was one of the worst biased and prejudiced presidents we have ever had, giving as proof, FDR's "undemocratic" methods of forcing Japanese Americans into incarceration, based upon his racist and prejudiced views of all Japanese. We shall see now just who is prejudiced.

The first impression one receives from any book, quite naturally, is from the cover. Judging then from the title, one would expect that this book would set out to prove that Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered the internment of Japanese Americans.

First of all, just how many Japanese Americans (Nisei) are we talking about? Robinson says "more than 100,000." Actually, there were exactly zero.

Robinson should have known, and let the reader know, that no Japanese having American citizenship were ever ordered to be interned by FDR during WWII. Only enemy alien Japanese were interned, in Department of Justice internment camps, awaiting possible deportation. True, there were some Nisei wives (with their children) who joined their interned husbands at the Crystal City Internment Camp in Texas, the only internment camp that allowed families.

Could these be the ones Robinson refers to? Hardly, for they were not ordered to go there by FDR, either.

Then perhaps Robinson means the Nisei who were at the detention camps. No, those camps were really jails for the Nisei who were there because of their own fault -- they were never ordered there by FDR.

So, who exactly does Robinson mean by "Japanese Americans"? He states that FDR's "most tragic act of his administration" was "the internment of Japanese Americans." Then he says that Executive Order 9066 was intended to apply to Japanese Americans exclusively. Here is how he then defines these people:

"...the Japanese-American or Nikkei community was made up of several distinct groups. First-generation immigrants from Japan, ...Issei, ...resident aliens, ...(then) second-generation, ...the Nisei... by birth-right, American citizens, ...(and finally) a third group, the Kibei, American-born U.S. citizens who were brought up and educated in Japan."

Then he concludes that: "All three groups were interned."

So there you have it -- the Nikkei were all Japanese-American (including the enemy alien residents) and they were all ordered interned by Roosevelt's EO 9066. These resident alien Japanese are suddenly somehow given American citizenship, according to Robinson's theory.

Amazing, yet sad -- Robinson has not done his research very well at all. Perhaps we can give him the benefit of doubt and attribute his usage of Japanese Americans to how he felt _Roosevelt_ viewed them. But, that is stretching a bit too far.

More fallacious (and obviously under-researched) statements can be found in almost every paragraph of his "Introduction":

* Japanese Americans were "rounded up by the army" and "sent under armed guard to confinement in ten camps."
* Japanese Americans were damaged by "the stigma and psychological impact of segregation and incarceration."
* American citizens were "incarcerated without any charge, trial, or evidence against them."
* They were "forced to abandon their homes, farms, furnishings, cars, and other belongings," and as a result of EO 9066, the "vast majority of... Japanese Americans lost all their property."

One quote from FDR, which Robinson starts out with, is a favorite among many modern re-interpreters of this episode in US history: "And it is felt by a great many lawyers that under the Constitution they [Japanese of American citizenship] can't be kept locked up in concentration camps."

The "concentration camp" advocates say this is proof that even Roosevelt used the term. But does it? Was not Roosevelt only referring to what the _lawyers_ felt these camps were? He used the term only twice, Robinson says, but he fails to mention about the other times FDR called them relocation centers.

Regarding this and other vocabulary, however, Robinson has his arbitrary "Notes on Terminology," where he redefines usage of important words and phrases. This is somewhat confusing, and perhaps is the reason it has been relegated to the back of the book.

In the end, Robinson fails to convince us that Roosevelt was a terrible president, though he tries his best with these wild accusations:

* "He deserves censure for not providing moral and constitutional leadership." -- So, is that why he was re-elected to the presidency four times (over 12 years in office), with the largest electoral vote ever (98.5%), and ranks among the three greatest presidents, and is one of only four presidents who have memorials in the National Mall? Sir, you obviously missed reading about FDR's moral integrity, his faith in God, and, as he put it, his striving to "uphold the integrity of the morals of our democracy."

* "He repeatedly subverted the rights of those of Japanese descent." -- Mr. Robinson, what rights do enemy aliens have? No rights of American citizens were "subverted" by FDR, not even once, not even repeatedly.

* FDR made his EO9066 decision "casually... with no consideration... of the racial or constitutional implications."

* FDR "effectively stripped the internees of their property and possessions."

Robinson ends with his most vehement of accusations, stating that FDR bore "a special measure of guilt for his inability to project any real sympathy or consideration for the concerns and interests of the interned Japanese Americans." Especially damning he no doubt thinks, "FDR made little effort to defend the internees from the stigma of disloyalty," "took no steps to improve conditions in the camps," and "made no effort to assist them in... reintegrating into mainstream society."

For a president known for his secrecy and hiding his true feelings and his real motives, Robinson seems to have discovered the real Franklin D. Roosevelt, a feat not even achieved by the multitude of authors who have written biographies on FDR.

The reader will be greatly relieved to remember, though, that what Robinson has written is simply his theory. And theory it will remain, ill-conceived as it is. Try as anyone may, there will never be found proof that the people of Japanese ancestry on the West Coast suffered irreparable damage due to Roosevelt's leadership, a phenomenal leadership that has never been equalled.

Well-done critique and rethinking of the WWII internment.......2004-02-15

In this book, Greg Robinson reexamines one of the most controversial incidents in American history: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt's decision to relocate more than 100,000 Japanese Americans, two-thirds of whom were American citizens, to internment camps for the duration of World War II. In this book, Mr. Robinson argues that scholars have not sufficiently examined Roosevelt's role in formulating and implementing the internment policy. Previous studies sought to explain FDR's decision primarily as a pragmatic reaction to political pressure from military and political leaders on the West Coast who feared pro-Japanese fifth-column activities, as well as powerful nativist groups motivated by racial prejudice and economic self-interest. While acknowledging the importance of these factors, Robinson also argues that standard accounts typically underplay two additional and important factors that influenced Roosevelt's controversial final decision: his own view of Japanese Americans as immutably foreign, and the weaknesses of his hands-on, competitive administrative management style.

As for the accusations and charges that all Japanese Americans were probably disloyal and untrustworthy, it should be known that Japanese Americans did volunteer to join the US Army to fight against the Germans. For example if you read the book Go For Broke (written by Chester Tanaka), it tells about the bravery of the Japanese-American 100th Infantry Battalion and the 442d Regimental Combat Team during World War II. They were the most decorated unit in the United States Army; at least 680 of them were killed in action fighting the Germans.

The 100th Infantry Battalion fought in North Africa and Italy, joining the 442nd Regimental Combat Team in June 1944. They fought in Italy, France, and Germany, rescued the "Lost Battalion," and their 522nd Field Artillery Battalion liberated the survivors at the Dachau death camp. Of the 10,000 volunteers for the all-American combat unit, 1200 came from mainland U.S. concentration camps and the rest from Hawaii, where Executive Order 9066 to intern the West Coast Japanese-American community did not apply.

So if Japanese-Americans were considered to be so untrustworthy and disloyal, then why would the United States Army allow young Japanese-American men from internment camps to join their ranks to fight against the Germans?

A Well-Rounded, Enjoyable Read.......2003-03-11

`By Order of the President' is a book that attempts to show how involved Franklin D. Roosevelt was in the internment of a group of Americans during World War II (more specifically, the Americans whom ancestrally came from Japan). The book starts out by detailing FDR's youth and pre-presidential opinions of the Japanese portion of the American population, as well as his position on the Japanese of Japan's population. It then proceeds to present the events that led to the internment and how the president contributed to the process. After the preliminary details on internment, Robinson goes on to bring forth facts and information in accordance with the continuation and eventual dismemberment of the internment as well as Roosevelt's involvement in the process.

Robinson's work presents many facets of popular and unpopular interpretations of FDR's involvement in the events leading to, and beginning the internment - as well as presenting details as to why each opinion is in existence. His book notably allows the reader to see into the meetings and investigations that went into the original initiation of the internment, as well as the misinterpretations and lies that led to the ongoing existence of internment. Robinson sets out to show the true circumstances and events surrounding the prosecution and incarceration of the so-called Japanese American population as well as the involvement of the president in the matter, who seems to have actually been in support of the internment.

The book presents its literary style in a very attractive manner and will keep the reader involved, despite the fact that the author does seem to use commas a bit excessively. Despite the title of the book, however, the book mostly centers on the positions and deliberations of the president's advisors - something that needs to be presented, but is focused on exceedingly in this case. Nevertheless, the factual evidence about FDR that Robinson does present is compelling and is demonstrative of the true nature of FDR. The facts are largely presented in such a way as not to force an opinion on the reader, but rather to allow the reader to come upon their own conclusions - a writing style that is seemingly growing rarer with every passing year.

Overall, `By Order of the President' is a work that should not go ignored and which presents the opinions of the president on internment, as well as how these opinions led to the internment of Americans under the pretext that they were dangerous due to their ancestry. Robinson presents a pleasing literary style and I personally look forward to any future publications by the author. The book is therefore highly suggested for anyone interested in Franklin D. Roosevelt, civil rights, American history, or the World War II era in general.

please!!.......2002-10-22

to whoever wrote the review about "sickening anti-americanism"- that is completely ridiculous. the conditions in the internment camps are not the issues i am speaking of; it was the concept of forcefully interning american citizens that i find disgusting. that you defend this action is even more disgusting. perhaps you should rate the book- which i found extremely interesting- more on the basis of the information it gave rather than your view of American presidents being unable to do any wrong.

Important history lesson.......2002-04-06

While United States pop culture has tradditionally portrayed the 40's as a binary of freedom vs. facism, this book exposes the truth that had long been supressed behind ideological walls.

The United States was in fact guilty of it's own internment of an entire group of people based on their involuntary membership in a subordinated group. Although taken to a lesser extent than that of the Nazi's, the actual reality of the country's actions severely clashes with the images of freedom and justice used to marshall support for the war effort.

Paranoia and bias about the potential actions of a few people led to the stereotyping of millions. Their only crime was being of Asian descent in a world where racism and fear was rampant.

The actual event in itself is still shocking, but what is even more shocking was that it happened under one of the great liberals whose presidency had been irevocably cross-referenced with the quest for social justice. FDR had openly built his presidency on advocating for the disavantaged and giving them access to the American dream, something which obviously did not happen here.

Book Description

During the Cold War a great many aircraft were built and flown but for various reasons never entered operational service. Some were losers in 'fly-off' competitions, others represented journeys up 'blind alleys' in aircraft development, and others were cancelled on dubious financial and/or political grounds. This book examines in detail the histories of these aircraft, and seeks to answer the following questions: What might the world's air forces be like today, had the aircraft in this book entered service? How much did German wartime design contribute to today's combat aircraft? To what extent did so-called 'experts' influence politicians in canceling major projects? Was Duncan Sandys really responsible for the disastrous planning decisions taken in Great Britain in the late 1950s? Could Great Britain have taken the lead in supersonic flight in 1946 - and kept it? Could supersonic VTOL have become a reality in the 1960s?

Book Description

Using simple examples from everyday life, an Einstein scholar offers entertaining, nontechnical demonstrations of the meaning of relativity theory. Starting with the geometrical and cosmological ideas of the ancient Greeks, he traces the theory's development from its basis in work by Kepler, Galileo, Newton, Faraday, Maxwell, and others. 1983 edition.

Customer Reviews:

Some interesting history but with clarity problems.......2007-03-05

Some interesting information from the history of science here, but this book suffers from trying to give technical explanations of scientific laws and phenomena without having the proper space to devote to those technical explanations. Also, in many places the writing is just unclear -- I've seen a lot of these things explained a lot more clearly elsewhere.

Relativity in Perspective.......2006-02-25

Relativity and Its Roots straddles the line between physics and history of science. It explores the development of an idea. You'd expect a book with "Relativity" in its title to concentrate on Einstein, especially as it is written by one of his colleagues. In fact Einstein does not enter the picture till the penultimate chapter. The story of Relativity starts with the Greeks and takes time to tell.

What I found most useful was Hoffmann's exploration of the thought processes of the scientists who advanced the theory. They often do not follow the standard stories of scientific discovery. Maxwell developed his theory of Electromagnetism not by thinking of mathematical symmetry but by following a mechanistic explanation of phenomena. He then removed this mechanistic scaffolding leaving us with the elegant mathematical theory. You come away from the book with new insights into both the way the universe works and the way great minds think.

Both the scientifically trained and the layman can learn from the book. It is written without equations in the main body. They can be found in the notes for those who appreciate them.

On Hoffmann's "Relativity and its Roots".......2001-02-14

Many books attempt to expound the complexities of modern thinking in physics, but few achieve their objective as well as Hoffmann's "Relativity and its Roots." Hoffmann gives a superb overview of the history of thought in physics. He also gives vibrant descriptions of difficult concepts, leading the reader in the most natural way toward a solid understanding of Relativity theory and the foundations upon which it is built. In my opinion, this book ranks with the best of popular expositions both on the history of scientific thought in physics, and on modern physics itself. I recommend it for the non-initiated as well as for the seasoned scientist.

fascinating and approachable.......2000-08-20

Relativity and its Roots is more than an assembly of Einstein's work, it's a rich volume of scientific history leading up to his discoveries. The book starts with the early philosophical and geometrical ideas of the greeks and guides the reader up to and beyond the breakthroughs made in the middle ages. Complete with dozens of explanitory diagrams, it's one read that will change your perception of our universe.

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Relativity and Its Roots
Banesh Hoffmann
Manufacturer: Scientific American Books
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover
ASIN: B000VB0490

Book Description

Welcome to Mondo DC! Come along on an adventure through the Washington, DC, area's most astonishing, inspiring, and unusual places. You'll visit little museums, odd archives, hidden monuments, unusual tours, and roadside art. From the Agnew Room to an insect zoo, castles to catacombs, erotic art to outsider art; gold mines, gargoyles, giants, and ghosts. Plus sex, drugs, guns, anarchy, and much more! These are DC's secret spots, many unknown even to long-time Washingtonians-each with fascinating stories that come to life when you join the Mondo DC tour. More than a tour guide, Mondo DC collects the definitive true stories about the oddest and most interesting places in Washington. Go behind the scenes to learn the history, explore the highlights, and hear conversations with key people at each attraction. This book includes 40 articles, covering over 70 sites, including the Squished Penny Museum, Black Fashion Museum, Assassination Archives and Research Center, Joseph Cornell Study Center, National Cryptologic Museum, National Glamour Archives, and the Bull Run Castle. You'll meet an Awakening Giant, the Queen of the Belly Dancers, a Giant Mermaid, naked mole-rats, Mr. Dixie, and Anarchy herself! There are also special mini-guides to the DC area's mummies, planetariums, and mini-golf courses. Plus DC's hidden belly dancing legacy, including a guide to current local restaurants that feature Middle Eastern dance. No other guide offers this level of detail about these amazing attractions-if they mention them at all. Many of these places are covered only in Mondo DC! Mondo DC will entertain life-long residents, newcomers, and travelers looking to expand their experience of Washington, DC, beyond the Mall and monument core. Cheap dates, family fun, group outings, and private retreats were never so wild! The author has written about unusual people and places in DC for over ten years for the Washington Post, Washington City Paper, Bizarre (UK), Pulse!, and other pu

Customer Reviews:

Finally! A unique guide to DC.......2005-06-22

I grew up in the suburbs of DC and now live out of State. I got this book before a planned trip back home and found it a fascinating read. Since we have 3 children, we wanted to make our tour of the Capitol a little more interesting than the norm. I'm glad we had this book to guide us. I would highly recommend it to anyone (tourist or native) who wants to see some different sights.

The Complete Tour of Venice: 9 Spectacular Attractions (Great Discoveries Personal Audio Guides: Venice)

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Ca' Rezzonico Palace - Self Guided Walking Tour - Venice Italy

The Complete Tour of Venice: 9 Spectacular Attractions (Great Discoveries Personal Audio Guides: Venice)
Jim Sweeney , Stephen Soncini , Jessica Krzywicki , Jennifer Dennis , and Laura Pytlik
Manufacturer: WhiteHot Productions
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: MP3 CD

Renaissance | Schools, Periods & Styles | Arts & Photography | Subjects | Books

General | Arts & Photography | Subjects | Books

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General | Travel | Subjects | Books

Arts & Photography | MP3 CD | Audiobooks | Formats | Books

History | MP3 CD | Audiobooks | Formats | Books

Travel | MP3 CD | Audiobooks | Formats | Books
ASIN: 1599711346

Product Description

Great Discoveries Personal Audio Guides, The Complete Tour of Venice provides todays traveler with a one-of a-kind touring experience that enables them to discover this magnificent city as never before. Easy-to-follow walking tours guide you through the 9 most popular and historically significant attractions. Each attraction has been carefully researched to identify those items considered to be the most important for discussion. Professional narrators guide you along, pointing out the most significant works and describing their historic, cultural, artistic or religious significance, providing the essential information that every tourist wants to know. Period appropriate background music specific to each venue has been added to set ones mood and to help create the most enjoyable and memorable experience possible. MP3 technology along with the accompanying guide maps or building diagrams enables you to spend your time with those items of most interest to you while easily skipping those of little interest. Individual items, or entire rooms, which might at the moment be crowded with tourists, can be easily bypassed and later returned to for a more leisurely visit. These thoroughly entertaining and informative tours guide you through the Accademia Galleries 2hrs 12min, Ca dOro Palace 1hr 34min, Ca Rezzonico Palace 2hrs 10min, the incomparable Doge Palace 3hrs 3min, Piazza San Marco 1hr 1min, Basilica di Santa Maria della Salute 1hr 28min, Basilica di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari 2hrs 17min, Scuola Grande di San Rocco - 1hr 27min, the resplendent St. Marks Basilica 2hrs 28min. Package contains two CDs and a guide map booklet containing building diagrams and a tourist map of Venice.

Customer Reviews:

Ca' Rezzonico Palace - Self Guided Walking Tour - Venice Italy .......2006-02-03

One can only be astounded by the interior of the Rezzonico. The Whitehot Audio Tour really added a whole new dimension to the experience. By having a narrative of the interior I was able to gain a better appreciation of the magificent of the surroundings. Whitehot got ir right when they developed this product.

Fun Along the Road: American Tourist Attractions - Another Amazing Album from America's Number One Roadside Observer

Average customer rating:

Beautiful Pictures for the American Time Traveler
a fun read
True to its name
Great pictures and contemporary history

Fun Along the Road: American Tourist Attractions - Another Amazing Album from America's Number One Roadside Observer
John Margolies
Manufacturer: Bulfinch
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Hardcover

Popular Culture | Social Sciences | Nonfiction | Subjects | Books

Tourist Destinations & Museums | Reference & Tips | Travel | Subjects | Books

General | Travel | Subjects | Books
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Customer Reviews:

Beautiful Pictures for the American Time Traveler.......2004-09-29

As a reader I could tell that the author loves the subject. He includes pictures most of the great tourist attractions and many of the not so great ones. This is a fun book to read. Not a heavy piece of reading - but very informative - from several angles - historical, business, and travel. I have read other books by the author and am impressed with all of them. The layout and art direction of the book serves the subject well. I can see this book going into more editions. The size of the book is swell - big enuf for big pictures - small enuf to handle in "tight spots."

a fun read.......2001-01-03

John Margolies is a man with a passion for popular culture. Not only has he written this book but he's also written books on the American travel brochure, the roadmap, gas stations, motels, roadsigns and miniature golf. His books are a worthy addition to any library. Not only is he a photographer but he is also an excellent writer, with warmth and affection for his subject.

True to its name.......2000-08-18

Anyone who enjoys the road and its culture--past and present--will enjoy reading Fun Along the Road. It evokes great memories of those road trips of yesteryear. I own a lot of books on roadside Americana and have a few others by John Margolies. He is an excellent author and photographer. I highly recommend this book.

Great pictures and contemporary history.......1999-08-03

Margolies is a photographer, but he provides not just books of photographs but well-written contemporary history to go with them.

This book is about roadside attractions, some long gone, some still hanging on, and some thriving. It inspired me to spend two weeks driving all over Florida trying to catch some of these places before they vanish forever.

Miniature golf, a favorite subject of the author, gets special coverage.

This book and his previous Home Away From Home are inspirational if you travel and still fascinating if you don't.

Tourist Attractions & Events of the World
Average customer rating:
Tourist Attractions & Events of the World

Manufacturer: Sf Communications
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback

Guidebooks | Reference & Tips | Travel | Subjects | Books
General | Travel | Subjects | Books
ASIN: 1902221559

Book Description

The second edition of Tourist Attractions & Events of the World brings you over 400 of the world's top tourist sites. Extensively revised and updated since last year, the guide includes more than 150 photographs. It provides clear and concise information on the following:

* history of the attraction and a description of things to see and do during your visit
* contact address including telephone and fax numbers, e-mail and website
* transportation
* opening times
* entry fees
* parking, restaurant and shopping facilities
* handicapped facilities and more!

The guide also includes information on 150 top cultural and sporting events in major cities around the world, including:

* a description of each event
* transport details
* venue
* contact address, including telephone and fax numbers, e-mail and website

Beyond the castle: The enchanted forest
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Beyond the castle: The enchanted forest
Mavis Tofte
Manufacturer: Creative Quill
ProductGroup: Book
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Oregon | State & Local | United States | Americas | History | Subjects | Books
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Product Description

The Enchanted Forest in Oregon is a unique tourist attraction located in the hills south of Salem, Oregon. This is a grand tour with over 170 colored photos and light hearted commentary as the reader is taken around the park. This book is great for the coffee table or fun reading.

50 Walks in the Grampians with Outdoor Tourist Attractions (and Driving Tours)

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50 Walks in the Grampians with Outdoor Tourist Attractions (and Driving Tours)

Manufacturer: Hill of Content
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: 085572160X

Product Description

A walking and hiking guide to Victoria's (Australia) most magnificent playground. Includes a topographic map for each walk.

Americans on Vacation (Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village)

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Americans on Vacation (Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village)

Manufacturer: Dearborn, Mich: Henry Ford Museum
ProductGroup: Book
Binding: Paperback
ASIN: B000GAMYR6

Product Description

24cm. Bibliography. About 100 photos, many in color. Leisure travel in America.

The Attractions of the Nile and Its Banks. a Journal of Travels in Egypt and Nubia Showing Their Attractions to the Archeologist, the Naturalist and the Tourist. Two Volumes

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The Attractions of the Nile and Its Banks. a Journal of Travels in Egypt and Nubia Showing Their Attractions to the Archeologist, the Naturalist and the Tourist. Two Volumes
Rev. Alfred Charles, M. A. Smith
Manufacturer: John Murray
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Binding: Hardcover

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The book of Ceylon;: Being a guide to its railway system and an account of its varied attractions for the vistor and tourist,
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