Book Description
Part of Hill and Wang's Critical Issues Series and well established on college reading lists, PRISONERS WITHOUT TRIAL presents a concise introduction to a shameful chapter in American history: the incarceration of nearly 120,000 Japanese Americans during World War II. With a revised final chapter and expanded recommended readings, Roger Daniels's updated edition examines a tragic event in our nation's past and thoughtfully asks if it could happen again.
Customer Reviews:
An updated assesssment of PWT.......2007-06-20
For the serious reader, very little time can be spent dealing with Daniels' literary diatribe. The title alone is explicit enough reason to doubt the seriousness with which the author attempts (again) to elucidate on the subject. Yet within these few pages, Daniels makes a valiant stand to proclaim injustices, to vindicate the victims, to show the world the innocence of a people. This is most surprising, considering Daniels' love of history.
I will focus on only one excerpt, on page 46, which exemplifies succinctly where the author stands:
"On February 19, 1942, a 'day of infamy' as far as the Constitution is concerned, Franklin Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066, which was the instrument by which just over 120,000 persons, two-thirds of them American citizens, were confined in concentration camps on American soil, in some cases for nearly four years... who were guilty of nothing other than being ethnically Japanese... surrounded by barbed wire and by troops whose guns were pointed at the inmates."
The Constitution is what Daniels seeks to uphold, but in doing so, he fails to see how that great document actually protected the people whom he feels were so discriminated against. The Constitution never was in danger of being trampled under the feet of those entrusted with its care. Indeed, the Constitution came out unscathed. Not a single case was brought by a person of Japanese ancestry (Nikkei) against the US Government that overturned its decrees. Convictions may have been set aside, but constitutionality was not. Liberty did not become a victim.
Daniels next turns to topple the authority of President Roosevelt, who was not only the longest serving, but one of the greatest Presidents the United States has ever had. It is at Roosevelt's feet he lays the charge that the President was to blame for the "incarceration" of so many innocent people -- unbelievably, shockingly, equating the President's action with the sudden and deliberate attack on Pearl Harbor by Japanese Imperial forces.
Herein Daniels once again must acquiesce defeat. Not a single Japanese national nor American-born child of a Japanese national asked that Roosevelt be impeached for signing Executive Order 9066, for any sort of dereliction in his executive duties. It was just the opposite, for great was their sorrow when he died.
Next, Daniels fails in assessing the correct numbers. 120,000 Nikkei did not spend four years in relocation centers -- tens of thousands were gone within a year. Furthermore, close to 20,000 resident Nikkei were never in centers as they lived elsewhere in the country and were not affected by the evacuation order.
Daniels, then, fails in assessing the freedoms the Nikkei had at the centers by saying they were confined. They were never confined, but had the opportunity to leave the centers -- tens of thousands did, some spending only a few months there in their temporary quarters. Daniels dishonors those who were always free as Americans of Japanese descent.
Daniels favorite theme -- concentration camps (e.g. his book, "Concentration Camps USA") -- is his saddest tirade, relishing in showing how unjust, how barbaric American society was to the Nikkei by forcing them to live behind barbed wire, and threatening them daily with guns aimed at them.
Such haranguing has certainly had its effect on common sense, and historical correctness. There is no proof at all the assembly and relocation centers were incarceration centers of torture, starvation and psychological intimidation, and places of oppression from which not a single prisoner could escape. The authors insistence on using such terminology, no doubt, reveals just how bitter he himself is at America's history. He cannot admit that these centers were really places of refuge for its inhabitants.
Once again the author fails, most miserably, to prove his theory that these people were prisoners, incarcerated in concentration camps. Nothing was able to convince the Japanese Imperialists in Tokyo via the Spanish consular visits to the centers that they were camps of injustice. The centers were just the opposite, with plenty of nourishing food, suitable housing, medical care, education, and many other benefits. The records, and over 100,000 residents, attest to this fact. No resident ever attempted to escape; many happily and freely chose to remain at the centers, even going so far as to demand they not close.
The final point I touch upon is Daniels' use of the hackneyed phrase, "guilty of nothing other than being ethnically Japanese." A dangerous precedent is set here -- that non-US-citizen Japanese were on an equal basis with US-citizen Japanese. The author should know better. Immigration law will not bear his socialist idea of equality. The state of war with Japan did not bear this at all.
To give the Issei (non-US-citizen Japanese) equal status as an American citizen is to confound the very principles of citizenship. Were Daniels to promote his views with political backing, our country's polity would dissolve quickly. So then why does the author want to place the Issei and Nisei on the same level, entirely avoiding the truth that the Issei were enemy aliens, that we were at war with their homeland? There are ulterior motives lurking that only he can explain.
In conclusion, this short book is just another addition to Daniels' works on Japanese Americans which show his disgust with America's past, specifically what he perceives as its latent racism and abuse of civil rights. He purposely avoids any reference to intelligence documents which completely undermine his tenets, and instead relies on highly subjective sources and biased and flawed studies (e.g. "Personal Justice Denied" -- naturally, of course, as Daniels was historical consultant to this report).
In short, the material that Daniels presents adds nothing new. It is a rehash of the old re-interpretations and revisions of the wartime history about the Nikkei in the US during WWII -- those who suddenly became enemies of our United States and her leaders. It is also a vain attempt, in the name of civil rights, to exonerate the Nikkei and vilify US leadership.
Hopefully Daniels will come to his historically-correct senses and produce an untainted account of the people of Japanese ancestry on the West Coast during WWII.
A Short Book on America's Biggest Black Mark.......2002-01-13
In 114 pages on actual text and several pages of pictures Dr. Roger Daniels shows the reader the plight of Japanese Americans through the war years and after. Dr. Daniels, who has written several books on the Japanese Concentration camps, shows us how discrimination against the Chinese led to later discrimination against the Japanese. He shows us how America reacated to Japanse-Americans after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. He shows us How the American Government can imprison its own citizends because of their racial heritage. This is a really good little book that will give the reader a good outline of how racial tensions with Japanese immigrants began, dealings with Japanese-Americans after the bombings, life in the Concentration Camps, and the redress movement. A book to be read by those who want to know the underbelly of American History
Superb and Succinct.......2000-04-27
With "Prisoners Without Trial", Roger Daniels provides an excellent starting point for anyone interested in the internment of Japanese American's during World War II. This well regarged historian has crafted a splendid little book that is a compilation of years of work, yet extremely clear and concise. The chapters are chronologically ordered to make this book easy to read for those who are not thoroughly versed in historical texts. There is an abundance of cleanly presented primary evidence along with interesting analytical viewpoints. This book was a quick, informative and interesting read, and I would highly recommend it.
-Molly
Superb and Succinct.......2000-04-27
With "Prisoners Without Trial", Roger Daniels provides an excellent starting point for anyone interested in the internment of Japanese American's during World War II. This well regarged historian has crafted a splendid little book that is a compilation of years of work, yet extremely clear and concise. The chapters are chronologically ordered to make this book easy to read for those who are not thoroughly versed in historical texts. There is an abundance of cleanly presented primary evidence along with interesting analytical viewpoints. This book was a quick, informative and interesting read, and I would highly recommend it.
-Molly
A book for every American who enjoys their liberty.......2000-04-20
Roger Daniels presents us with a book that speaks not only to those of Japanese American ancestry, but to all Americans. It brings into question our civil liberties and freeedoms. The Japanese American relocation during WWI serves as the first time that the American government has violated the rights of an ethnic group (the 2nd and 3rd generation Japanese Americans) to which its Constitution had given citizenship. The Japanese American incarceration was an example of the Anglo American propensity to react against non-whites. Not only did it violate the spirit of the Constitution, but it ironically took place within a nation which was simultaneously fighting for the release of another ethnic minority, the Jews from concentration camps across Europe.
Book Description
Judgment without Trial reveals that long before the 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. government began making plans for the eventual internment and later incarceration of the Japanese American population. Tetsuden Kashima uses newly obtained records to trace this process back to the 1920s, when a nascent imprisonment organization was developed to prepare for a possible war with Japan, and follows it in detail through the war years.
Along with coverage of the well-known incarceration camps, the author discusses the less familiar and very different experiences of people of Japanese descent in the Justice and War Departments' internment camps that held internees from the continental U.S. and from Alaska, Hawaii, and Latin America. Utilizing extracts from diaries, contemporary sources, official communications, and interviews, Kashima brings an array of personalities to life on the pages of his book—those whose unbiased assessments of America's Japanese ancestry population were discounted or ignored, those whose works and actions were based on misinformed fears and racial animosities, those who tried to remedy the inequities of the system, and, by no means least, the prisoners themselves.
Kashima's interest in this episode began with his own unanswered questions about his father's wartime experiences. From this very personal motivation, he has produced a panoramic and detailed picture—without rhetoric and emotionalism and supported at every step by documented fact—of a government that failed to protect a group of people for whom it had forcibly assumed total responsibility.
Customer Reviews:
Kashima's judgment not justified.......2007-05-27
The final chapter of any book is that in which most authors wrap up their ideas. Kashima does it well in the last chapter of his book:
"During and after World War II, the U.S. government imprisoned nearly 120,000 Nikkei, the majority of whom were American citizens. They were detained in imprisonment centers without being charged with the commission of crimes, deprived of legal counsel and trials, and incarcerated, in most instances, for no stated justifiable reason or specified duration."
Kashima utilizes a rebuttal often used in many books of this nature: "No evidence exists that any Issei or Nisei resident of the United States... ever committed an act of espionage or sabotage." They contend then that the Nikkei's "only crime was the accident of nationality or parentage." They do err, unfortunately, in their declaration of innocence for all Nikkei, on this major point -- the issue for the Nisei was not crime, conviction, or even accusation. The need, then, for courts or hearings becomes a moot point; there were a number of high profile court cases, however, but none proved any government action unconstitutional. The main issue for the Issei, however, was entirely different, made so by a belligerent act by Imperial Japan -- the surprise attack on Pearl Harbor -- when the Japanese residents in the US suddenly became America's enemies. That status made action imperative -- in fact, the public demanded that something be done with the Japanese on the West Coast.
It is most unfortunate that Kashima, though studying quite fastidiously the trees, has failed to correctly comprehend the forest. The major detraction from this commendable research is his insistance on imprisonment and incarceration of the Nikkei. This sad dirge in the minor key is commonly sung by those who believe the US Government did them wrong during WWII. Though their bitterness may be real, their accusations are, however, without basis.
Thousands of Issei and Nisei were never in any assembly or relocation centers, and thousands upon thousands more spent very little time there, having moved out to jobs or colleges elsewhere in the United States. Thousands of others enjoyed their time in the centers, and indeed, preferred life there than on the outside. Furthermore, any Nikkei had easy access to legal counsel, at any time.
The majority of the evacuated Nikkei were cared for by the US Government in many special ways. For former center inhabitants to ignore this fact, and to demean US leadership, is to bite the hand that fed them. Kashima lumps the entire WWII experience of the Nikkei in assembly and relocation centers, as well as in detention and isolation camps, and calls it "imprisonment" and "incarceration" in "concentration camps."
Perhaps one of the keys to understanding Kashima's lack of factual data to backup these final observations of his may be found in the caption for the illustration on the jacket cover of the book: "Guard Tower, water color and ink painting by Kenjiro Nomura, Minidoka Relocation Center, Idaho, 1942-43." The "guard towers" drawn in the illustration were in actuality water towers -- one such photo from Aug. 1942 has the caption, "One of the several water towers which serves the Minidoka War Relocation Authority center." Granted, there were guard towers at the relocation centers; insistence they were there to control or even terrorize the occupants of the centers is a hysterical conclusion, however.
As for the barbed wire fence with 45-degree top brackets (inward slant specifically for stopping escapees) in the illustration, there is no photo proof of such a fence. Even if such a high-security type of fencing actually existed at Minidoka, what would have been the need of it? The evacuees were free to leave the center to work out in the expansive fields surrounding Minidoka, to take walks along the canal, to go swimming at the pool (skating in the winter), etc.
Another excerpt: "After the signing of EO 9066, all families on the West Coast and in the territory of Alaska, and others in Hawaii and Latin America, were either interned or incarcerated." Unbeknownst to Kashima, he has effectively destroyed his credibility in this sweeping statement. I find myself again blinking my eyes in amazement as I re-read those words. Granted, he means Nikkei families, but "all"? Somehow his research has degraded into generalizations and blanket statements.
One more excerpt: "Japanese Americans have conducted their lives for decades under the social cloud of the incarceration and, unable to banish it, have lived with the stigma." Kashima then has a quote by Congressman Matsui, which also betrays similar bitterness about the evacuation and lack of discernment regarding the so-called "stigma," due to the trauma of having their "faith in the government and the strength of the U.S. Constitution... shaken during World War II" because "their government... had refused to protect them from outside prejudices," and worse, wanted to deport them.
And there you have the crux of this book: The American populace is to blame for injustices against their fellow Americans and for creating a stigma they endure to this day. Americans must be aware of this so that it will never happen again.
Interesting. I've heard that "never again" phrase somewhere before. Ah yes, it was stated twice, in the beginning of the film, and at the end, a 1944 film entitled "Betrayal from the East," which is a dramatized version of a real event, showing the danger of espionage and sabotage from among the Nikkei on the West Coast. Fortunately, THAT has not happened again.
Kashima once again had an opportunity to redeem the injustices done in "Personal Justice Denied." He followed the mainstream once again, sadly, though with a new twist -- that of "predetermined" racism and internment.
Personal justice has once again been denied -- the personal justice for individuals such as DeWitt, McCloy, Bendetsen, and even Franklin D. Roosevelt. Where is any sense of justice for them? Not to be found in writings of this caliber.
Japanese Americans as scapegoats.......2005-10-24
The book Judgment Without Trial primarily focuses on the process by which U.S. authorities impounded people of Japanese descent (both alien and first generation American) from the West Coast, Hawaii and Latin America. Additionally, the author asserts that racial prejudice and political expedience were the primary motivations behind the government's plans to indefinitely hold these foreign nationals and their children under duress without charge, evidence, or due process. This secondary assertion aside, the book primarily focuses on how this process was conceived, organized, and implemented by the Justice Department, the War Relocation Authority, and the army.
Tetsuden Kashima argues that our present-day characterization of this mass imprisonment as a wartime "mistake" ignores the fact that the imprisonment of Japanese, both foreign nationals and American citizens, was conceived by high-level officials decades before the United States entered the war. The federal government's decision and plans were therefore not made in haste, or because of "hysteria" following the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Kashima further asserts that the federal Japanese imprisonment organization went far beyond the establishment of a few assembly and relocation centers. Government public relations pronouncements to the contrary, he claims the organization created by the Roosevelt administration was large, complex, and oppressive.
The book is organized around a series of themes. One concerns the problem of organizational disputes among the agencies. Another addresses the problem of control of the prisoner population. A third theme examines the way in which the imprisonment organization dealt with the unanticipated needs that arose in regard to the prisoners. Yet another theme concerns the actual control methods used in the centers.
The first three chapters chronologically present the evolution and deployment of the internment process. Chapters four and five deal with the U.S. government's treatment the Japanese living in Hawaii and Latin American. The last five chapters concern life in the camps themselves, and the physical and psychological hardships inflicted upon the internees. The book concludes with sixty eight pages of notes and charts, along with a bibliography section containing over two hundred entries.
The book appears to be thoroughly researched. Kashima's sources include personal correspondence, diaries, interviews, books, magazine articles, official government reports, along with court briefs, transcripts, and records.
Judgment Without Trial succeeds in making its case that the U.S. government began planning for the internment of the Japanese American population long before the first bomb fell onto Pearl Harbor. Also, Kashima's description of the creation and implementation of the program is illuminating. However, the book falls short in presenting objective proof of deliberate U.S. government's abused of Japanese foreign nationals and their American-born children. His evidence for the assertion that animosity toward Japanese-Americans affected the general tenor of the treatment they received is mostly anecdotal, and ignores the very real threat to our West Coast by Japan. Our commercial shipping was under constant threat by Japanese submarines following the destruction of our Pacific fleet - those same submarines actually fired missiles at our undefended coast. Also, evidence obtained from decoded Japanese diplomatic communications (the so-called "MAGIC" files) revealing the threat of a Japanese espionage networks on the West Coast is never mentioned By Kashima.
Sheds new light on reasons for internment.......2004-09-14
This book is a comprehensive look at some of the major reasons for the internment of Japanese and Japanese Americans during WW2. Many people think that racial hatred of Japanese started with the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941, but actually this was only the culmination of years of anti Japanese feelings , especially on the west coast. Most of the first generation Japanese were farmers, and they made what was once thought to be barren wasteland into some of the most productive land in the US. However, the 1920 Land Act prohibited all Japanese nationals from owning any land, and first generation Japanese were PROHIBITED from becoming US citizens, laws influenced by racist white farmers to prevent any more Japanese from owning farm land. The ever resourceful Issei (first generation Japanese) bypassed this by putting their land in their childrens (by law, American citizens) names. In 1924, the Congress and President Coolidge passed the Anti-Asian exclusion act, which prohibited any more immigration by Japanese (and other Asians) (for an excellent reference, see Roger Daniels "The Politics of Prejudice" for an authoritative look at the laws used to discriminate against Japanese during the early 20th century). In addition, Newspaper publishers like William Randolph Hearst were making large efforts to inflame anti Japanese sentiment in their newspapers.
When Pearl Harbor occured, mass hysteria ensued. Many Japanese owned businesses were burned and looted and homes of Japanese families were vandalized and attacked. It was Feb. 1942 when Executive Order 9066 effectively gave all persons of Japanese ancestry, some times as little as 72 hours, time to pack their belongings, settle their affairs, and report for "relocation" (a euphemism if there ever was one).
One last fact that a previous reviewer conveniently doesn't mention- The US Army's 442nd and 100th all Nisei(second generation) combat units, comprising nearly 10,000 men, were the most decorated units for their size in the history of the United States.While their families were locked up or prevented from returning to their lawful homes, "these brave men fought prejudice and won" - spoken by Pres. Harry Truman in 1945 in a ceremony honoring the 442nd and 100th battalions.Its on archival news reels, for any doubters out there.
A previous reviewer says that the WW2 internment of Japanese Americans was NOT due to racial hatred and prejudice- this book and a look at history and the congressional record for the aforementioned anti-Japanese legislation would prove him dead WRONG.
More activist Japanese-American reparations nonsense!.......2004-01-07
These folks just won't stop. Kashima is a reparations demagogue who like his activist reparations colleagues is bent on re-writing the history of Japanese-American espionage before Pearl Harbor. MAGIC intelligence was the reason for the evacuation. If you want an accurate portrayal of the history, read "MAGIC" by retired National Security Agency Executuve David Lowman. The declassified documents will be enough to convince fair minded readers.
Until Japanese-Americans fess up to the darker chapters of their own history and quit attempting to portray themselves as victims and the U.S. government as racists this issue will always be controversial. Version of events of Kashima's ilk will always be taken with a grain of salt by the majority of Americans.
Did you know:
1. It is not true that Japanese-Americans were "interned". Only Japanese nationals (enemy aliens) arrested and given individual hearings were interned. Such persons were held for deportation in Department of Justice camps. Those evacuated were not interned. They were first given an opportunity to voluntarily move to areas outside the military zones. Those unable or unwilling to do so were sent to Relocation Centers operated by the War Relocation Authority.
2. During the war, more than 33,000 evacuees voluntarily left the relocation centers to accept outside employment in areas outside of the military zones. An additional 4,300 left to attend colleges in the East.
3. Approximately two-thirds of the ADULTS among those evacuated were Japanese nationals--enemy aliens subject to detention under long-standing law. The vast majority of evacuated Japanese-Americans (U.S. citizens) were children at the time. Their average age was only 15 years. In addition, between 50 and 75 percent of Japanese-Americans over age 17 were also citizens of Japan (dual citizens) under Japanese law. Thousands had been educated in Japan, some having returned to the U.S. holding reserve rank in the Japanese armed forces.
4. In a recent study made by the National Park Service for the Manzanar memorial site, it was revealed that during the war over 26% of Japanese Americans over military age said they would refuse to swear an unqualified oath of allegiance to the United States.
5. According to War Relocation Authority records, 13,000 applications renouncing their U.S. citizenship and requesting expatriation to Japan were filed by or on behalf of Japanese-Americans during World War II. Over 5,000 such applications had been processed by the end of the war.
6. The evacuation was not motivated by racism, as so often claimed today, but by information obtained by the U.S. from pre-war decoded Japanese diplomatic messages (MAGIC) and other intelligence revealing the existence of espionage and the potential for sabotage involving then-unidentified resident Japanese aliens and Japanese-Americans living within the West Coast Japanese community. Many of these messages and associated intelligence documents have since been declassified and are available in a number of historical publications.
Don't fall for what Kashima and his activist buddies are feeding the public....
Diaries, contemporary sources, and official communications.......2003-12-08
Judgment Without Trial is a college-level survey of Japanese American imprisonment during World War II and reveals that even before Pearl Harbor, the US government was making plans for the eventual internment of the Japanese American population. Newly discovered records traces this back to the 1920s and plans to prepare for a possible war with Japan. This plus new information on experiences of people of Japanese descent in the Justice and War Departments' camps for internees from Alaska, Hawaii and Latin America makes for an important, different guide which blends diaries, contemporary sources, and official communications in a revealing history.
Book Description
From Mesopotamia to Modernity is a one volume introduction to both Jewish history and literature from its earliest times up to the present. Leading experts in each field of Jewish history and literature contribute original and comprehensive essays introducing their subjects. Beginning readers will learn the rudiments for further study, and scholars will be refreshed by the balanced, yet challenging treatments found here. These introductory essays cover most major aspects of Jewish studies from the Bible and its time up to modern Judaism. The work is designed to serve undergraduate and graduate courses in Judaism as well as Church and Synagogue adult study courses. Ideal for reading groups, this work will lead readers to further study of the varied subjects considered. Each essay covers the basic field, be it in a given era of Jewish history or in a defined area of Jewish literature. Suggestions for further reading will assist the reader in moving beyond this volume to explore a given area in further detail. The introductions range from encyclopedic detail through elegiac essay and enthusiastic appreciation of the field considered. The authors hold positions in major academic institutions throughout the United States and Israel.
Customer Reviews:
New, small paperback teaches Judaism.......2000-07-01
Thoroughly readable, yet acknowledging scholarly differences, FROM MESOPOTAMIA TO MODERNITY presents the history and literature of Judaism from Tanakh to the State of Israel in 245 pages. The instructor can base an adult education series, an undergraduate course or a graduate seminar on this book, its references and other sources as s/he chooses.
Product Description
Semi-gloss laminated books have fields on the cover to write book numbers, laboratory names, researcher names, dates and more using permanent markers. Flexible Round Binding so Book Lays Flat.
Tamper-Evident Section Sewn Binding.
User Data Page, Notebook Guidelines, and Table of Contents.
1/4" (6 mm) Scientific Ruled Format.
Pages have Researcher and Witness Signature Blocks,Title, Project and Book Number Fields and are Sequentially Numbered.
Superior Acid-Free Archival-Safe Paper.
Book Description
This digital document is an article from BIOTECH Patent News, published by Biotech Patent News on May 1, 2004. The length of the article is 652 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.
Citation Details
Title: Johns Hopkins select EKM and Surety for electronic lab notebook pilot for data capture and intellectual property protection.
Publication:
BIOTECH Patent News (Newsletter)
Date: May 1, 2004
Publisher: Biotech Patent News
Volume: 18
Issue: 5
Distributed by Thomson Gale
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